Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Target Population

TF-CBT serves children and adolescents who have symptoms associated with traumatic experiences or traumatic grief. Caregivers are included in treatment if they did not perpetrate the trauma and child safety is maintained.  

Dosage

TF-CBT duration varies depending on the complexity of the child or adolescent’s trauma and severity of symptoms and whether TF-CBT is administered in an individual or group format. During sessions, the provider meets with the caregiver and child or adolescent individually and sometimes jointly.   

Location/Delivery Setting

Recommended Locations/Delivery Settings

TF-CBT is typically offered in a clinical office setting, though it can also be delivered in residential treatment facilities, schools, and homes. 

Location/Delivery Settings Observed in the Research

• Mental Health Center, Treatment Center, Therapist Office
• Public Health Clinics

Education, Certifications and Training

TF-CBT providers are mental health professionals. Providers should have access to supervisors or consultants with extensive TF-CBT training who have previously implemented TF-CBT.  

Program or Service Documentation

Book/Manual/Available documentation used for review

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Deblinger, E. (2017). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents (2^nd ed.). Guilford Press. 

Available languages

Materials for TF-CBT are available in English, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Spanish, Swedish, and Ukrainian.  

Other supporting materials

Certification Criteria

For More Information

Websites: https://tfcbt.org/ and https://tfcbt2.musc.edu/

Note: The details on Dosage; Location; Education, Certifications, and Training; Other Supporting Materials; and For More Information sections above are provided to website users for informational purposes only. This information is not exhaustive and may be subject to change.

Results of Search and Review	Number of Studies Identified and Reviewed for Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Identified in Search	88
Eligible for Review	32
Rated High	6
Rated Moderate	3
Rated Low	6
Reviewed Only for Risk of Harm	17

Outcome	Effect Size	95% Confidence Interval	Implied Percentile Effect	N of Studies (Findings)	N of Participants	Summary of Findings
Child well-being: Behavioral and emotional functioning	0.31	[0.23, 0.40]	12	9 (116)	2262	Favorable: 41 No Effect: 75 Unfavorable: 0
Child well-being: Social functioning	-0.04	[-0.17, 0.09]	-1	4 (7)	949	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 7 Unfavorable: 0
Child well-being: Physical development and health	0.20	[-0.27, 0.67]	8	1 (3)	610	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 3 Unfavorable: 0
Child well-being: Substance use	0.32	[0.01, 0.63]	12	1 (3)	610	Favorable: 3 No Effect: 0 Unfavorable: 0
Adult well-being: Positive parenting practices	0.38	[0.08, 0.68]	14	1 (2)	179	Favorable: 2 No Effect: 0 Unfavorable: 0
Adult well-being: Parent/caregiver mental or emotional health	0.50	[0.20, 0.81]	19	1 (2)	179	Favorable: 2 No Effect: 0 Unfavorable: 0
Adult well-being: Family functioning	0.32	[0.16, 0.48]	12	1 (4)	634	Favorable: 4 No Effect: 0 Unfavorable: 0

Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention condition and a negative number favors the comparison condition. A range of comparison conditions, including no intervention, minimal intervention, placebo or attention, treatment as usual, and head-to-head comparison conditions are eligible for review (see Section 4.1.7 of the Handbook Version 2.0). Different types of comparison conditions may affect the magnitude of the effect sizes across studies. For example, an intervention compared to a no treatment comparison condition may produce a larger effect size than the same intervention compared to another intervention because the other intervention may itself be effective. The effect sizes shown may be derived from samples that overlap across studies.

See the Individual Study Findings table for information about the specific comparison conditions used in each study and the Studies Reviewed section for information about any overlapping samples. The effect sizes presented here are provided for informational purposes only and are not used in determining a program or service rating.

The findings reported for this program or service are derived from eligible, prioritized studies rated as moderate or high on study design and execution and do not represent the findings from all eligible studies of the program or service. Learn more on the FAQ page.

Outcome	Effect Size	Implied Percentile Effect	Months after treatment when outcome measured	Number of Participants
Child well-being: Behavioral and emotional functioning
Study 10039 - Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Sexually Abused Preschoolers (CBT-SAP) vs. Nondirective Supportive Therapy Control Condition (Cohen, 1996 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting)
Child Behavior Checklist: Total Problem Behavior	0.81 *	29	0	67
Child Behavior Checklist: Internalizing Problems	0.97 *	33	0	67
Child Behavior Checklist: Externalizing Problems	0.57 *	21	0	67
Child Sexual Behavior Inventory	0.57 *	21	0	67
Weekly Behavior Record: Behavior Types	0.42	16	0	67
Weekly Behavior Record: Total Behavior Score	0.65 *	24	0	67
Study 10051 - TF-CBT vs. Nondirective Supportive Therapy (Treatment Completer Sample) (Cohen, 1998)
Child Sexual Behavior Inventory	0.28	10	0	49
Child Behavior Checklist: Total Problem Behavior	0.20	7	0	49
Child Behavior Checklist: Internalizing Problems	0.38	14	0	49
Child Behavior Checklist: Externalizing Problems	0.11	4	0	49
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children: State Anxiety	0.25	9	0	49
Study 10042 - TF-CBT vs. Child Centered Therapy Treatment as Usual (Cohen, 2004)
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Reexperiencing	0.46 *	17	0	180
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Avoidance	0.69 *	25	0	180
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Hypervigilance	0.37 *	14	0	180
Child Behavior Checklist: Internalizing Problems	0.22	8	0	179
Child Behavior Checklist: Externalizing Problems	0.17	6	0	179
Child Behavior Checklist: Total Problems	0.23 *	9	0	179
Child Depression Inventory	0.23 *	9	0	183
State Trait Anxiety Inventory: Trait Anxiety	0.23	9	0	183
State Trait Anxiety Inventory: State Anxiety	0.18	7	0	183
Children's Attribution and Perceptions Scale: Feeling Different/Stigmatization	-0.01	0	0	183
Children's Attribution and Perceptions Scale: Self-Blame for Negative Events	0.16	6	0	183
Children's Attribution and Perceptions Scale: Perceived Credibility	0.32 *	12	0	183
Children's Attribution and Perceptions Scale: Interpersonal Trust	0.31 *	12	0	183
Child Sexual Behavior Inventory	0.55	20	0	179
Shame Questionnaire	0.41 *	15	0	181
Study 10062 - TF-CBT vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (Diehle, 2015)
Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale: Separation Anxiety Disorder (Child Self-Reported)	0.06	2	0	21
Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire: Peer Problems (Parent report)	0.15	5	0	20
Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire: Prosocial (Parent report)	0.24	9	0	20
Study 15801 - TF-CBT vs. Usual Care (Dorsey, 2020)
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (Child Report)	0.41 *	16	0	634
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (Child Report)	0.46 *	17	12	628
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (Guardian Report)	0.65 *	24	0	634
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (Guardian Report)	0.62 *	23	12	628
Inventory of Complicated Grief (Child Report)	0.30 *	11	0	634
Inventory of Complicated Grief (Child Report)	0.42 *	16	12	628
Child Behavior Checklist: Internalizing (Guardian Report)	0.51 *	19	0	634
Child Behavior Checklist: Internalizing (Guardian Report)	0.59 *	22	12	628
Child Behavior Checklist: Externalizing (Guardian Report)	0.33 *	13	0	634
Child Behavior Checklist: Externalizing (Guardian Report)	0.50 *	19	12	628
Study 15805 - TF-CBT vs. Waitlist (Ekwueme, 2026)
PTSD Checklist- Specific Version	3.66 *	49	0	84
PTSD Checklist- Specific Version	3.83 *	49	6	84
Study 15811 - TF-CBT vs. Enhanced Treatment as Usual (Hultmann, 2023)
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: PTSD Score	0.12	4	0	78
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Total Score	0.14	5	0	83
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children: Post-traumatic Stress	0.22	8	0	58
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children: Post-traumatic Stress	0.20	7	8	40
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children: Trauma Symptom	0.08	3	0	58
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children: Trauma Symptom	-0.06	-2	8	40
Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire: Total Problems	-0.16	-6	0	50
Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire: Total Problems	-0.52	-19	8	39
Global Severity Index	-0.14	-5	0	58
Global Severity Index	0.22	8	8	42
Impact of Event Scale - Revised	-0.13	-5	0	65
Impact of Event Scale - Revised	-0.13	-5	8	49
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Intention-to-Treat Sample) (Jensen, 2014)
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents	0.36	13	0	116
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Completer Sample) (Jensen, 2014)
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (mid-intervention)	0.12	4	0	122
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire	0.41 *	15	0	118
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (mid-intervention)	0.08	3	0	122
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders	0.26	10	0	118
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Total Problems	0.36 *	14	0	116
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Per Protocol 1 Sample) (Jensen, 2014)
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (mid-intervention)	0.17	6	0	122
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire	0.42 *	16	0	118
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (mid-intervention)	0.08	3	0	121
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders	0.32	12	0	118
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Total Problems	0.39	15	0	116
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Per Protocol 2 Sample) (Jensen, 2014)
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (mid-intervention)	0.27	10	0	119
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire	0.60 *	22	0	115
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (mid-intervention)	0.08	3	0	118
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders	0.30	11	0	115
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Total Problems	0.39 *	15	0	113
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Intention-to-Treat Sample) (Jensen, 2017)
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (mid-intervention)	0.18	7	0	156
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	0.56 *	21	0	122
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	0.20	7	8	99
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	0.36	14	18	75
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment (mid-intervention)	0.22	8	0	156
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment	0.49 *	18	0	121
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment	-0.06	-2	8	99
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment	0.08	3	18	75
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (mid-intervention)	0.12	4	0	156
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire	0.44 *	16	0	119
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire	0.04	1	8	96
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire	0.18	7	18	75
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (mid-intervention)	0.25	9	0	156
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders	0.32	12	0	156
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders	0.26	10	8	98
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders	0.25	9	18	75
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Total Problems	0.36	14	0	115
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Total Problems	0.16	6	8	96
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Total Problems	0.35	13	18	75
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Completer Sample) (Jensen, 2017)
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (mid-intervention)	0.19	7	0	123
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	0.50 *	19	0	126
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment (mid-intervention)	0.23	8	0	123
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment	0.49 *	18	0	125
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Per Protocol 1 Sample) (Jensen, 2017)
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (mid-intervention)	0.24	9	0	123
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	0.56 *	21	0	126
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment (mid-intervention)	0.24	9	0	123
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment	0.47 *	17	0	126
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Per Protocol 2 Sample) (Jensen, 2017)
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (mid-intervention)	0.17	6	0	120
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	0.52 *	19	0	123
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment (mid-intervention)	0.24	9	0	118
Child PTSD Symptom Scale: Functional Impairment	0.48 *	18	0	122
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Intention-to-Treat Sample) (Jensen, 2018)
Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (Child Version, mid-treatment)	-0.03	-1	0	156
Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (Child Version)	0.50 *	19	0	114
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Per Protocol 2 Sample) (Jensen, 2018)
Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (Child Version, mid-treatment)	-0.04	-1	0	118
Post-Traumatic Cognitions Inventory (Child Version)	0.50 *	19	0	110
Study 15814 - TF-CBT vs. Enhanced Psychosocial Counseling (Kane, 2024)
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	-0.04	-1	0	610
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	0.02	0	6	610
Child PTSD Symptom Scale	-0.06	-2	12	610
Youth Self Report: Internalizing	0.01	0	0	610
Youth Self Report: Internalizing	0.01	0	6	610
Youth Self Report: Internalizing	-0.05	-1	12	610
Youth Self Report: Externalizing	-0.01	0	0	610
Youth Self Report: Externalizing	-0.02	0	6	610
Youth Self Report: Externalizing	-0.05	-1	12	610
Functional Impairment	-0.01	0	0	610
Functional Impairment	0.01	0	6	610
Functional Impairment	0.01	0	12	610
Child well-being: Social functioning
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Intention-to-Treat Sample) (Birkeland, 2020)
Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire (mid-treatment)	0.09	3	0	96
Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire	0.25	9	0	88
Study 10039 - Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Sexually Abused Preschoolers (CBT-SAP) vs. Nondirective Supportive Therapy Control Condition (Cohen, 1996 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting)
Child Behavioral Checklist: Social Competence	-0.02	0	0	67
Study 10042 - TF-CBT vs. Child Centered Therapy Treatment as Usual (Cohen, 2004)
Child Behavior Checklist: Social Competence	0.01	0	0	176
Study 15814 - TF-CBT vs. Enhanced Psychosocial Counseling (Kane, 2024)
Peer HIV Risk Behavior Scale	-0.14	-5	0	610
Peer HIV Risk Behavior Scale	-0.03	-1	6	610
Peer HIV Risk Behavior Scale	-0.08	-3	12	610
Child well-being: Physical development and health
Study 15814 - TF-CBT vs. Enhanced Psychosocial Counseling (Kane, 2024)
World AIDS Foundation’s Sexual Behavior Practices Subscale: Any Risk Behaviors (%)	0.13	5	0	610
World AIDS Foundation’s Sexual Behavior Practices Subscale: Any Risk Behaviors (%)	0.26	10	6	610
World AIDS Foundation’s Sexual Behavior Practices Subscale: Any Risk Behaviors (%)	0.22	8	12	610
Child well-being: Substance use
Study 15814 - TF-CBT vs. Enhanced Psychosocial Counseling (Kane, 2024)
Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test - Version 3.1: Any Substance Use (%)	0.36 *	13	0	610
Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test - Version 3.1: Any Substance Use (%)	0.34 *	13	6	610
Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test - Version 3.1: Any Substance Use (%)	0.26 *	10	12	610
Adult well-being: Positive parenting practices
Study 10042 - TF-CBT vs. Child Centered Therapy Treatment as Usual (Cohen, 2004)
Parent Practices Questionnaire (Revised)	0.39 *	15	0	168
Parental Support Questionnaire	0.37 *	14	0	179
Adult well-being: Parent/caregiver mental or emotional health
Study 10042 - TF-CBT vs. Child Centered Therapy Treatment as Usual (Cohen, 2004)
Beck Depression Inventory-II	0.33 *	12	0	166
Parent Emotional Reaction Questionnaire	0.68 *	25	0	179
Adult well-being: Family functioning
Study 15801 - TF-CBT vs. Usual Care (Dorsey, 2020)
Child Parent Relationship Scale: Closeness (Guardian Report)	0.30 *	11	0	634
Child Parent Relationship Scale: Closeness (Guardian Report)	0.28 *	10	12	628
Child Parent Relationship Scale: Conflict (Guardian Report)	0.28 *	11	0	634
Child Parent Relationship Scale: Conflict (Guardian Report)	0.42 *	16	12	628

*p <.05

Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention condition and a negative number favors the comparison condition. Effect sizes and implied percentile effects were calculated by the Prevention Services Clearinghouse as described in the Handbook of Standards and Procedures, Version 2.0, Sections 6.4 and 6.5 and may not align with effect sizes reported in individual publications. The Prevention Services Clearinghouse uses information reported in study documents and, when necessary, information provided by study authors in response to author queries to assign study ratings and calculate effect sizes (see Section 8.4.2 in the Handbook of Standards and Procedures, Version 2.0). The Prevention Services Clearinghouse typically relies on study-reported p-values to form the basis of the assessment of statistical significance for a finding, but will perform its own statistical test of a finding using any available information in study documents or author queries, as needed (see Section 6.3 in the Handbook of Standards and Procedures, Version 2.0). As a result, the effect sizes and statistical significance reported in the table may not align with the estimates as they are reported in study documents.

The findings reported for this program or service are derived from eligible, prioritized studies rated as moderate or high on study design and execution and do not represent the findings from all eligible studies of the program or service. Learn more on the FAQ page.

Only publications with eligible contrasts that met design and execution standards are included in the individual study findings table.

Full citations for the studies shown in the table are available in the "Studies Reviewed" section.

The participant characteristics display is an initial version. We encourage those interested in providing feedback to send suggestions to preventionservices@abtglobal.com.

The table below displays locations, the year, and participant demographics for studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Participant characteristics for studies with more than one intervention versus comparison group pair that received moderate or high ratings are shown separately in the table. Please note, the information presented here uses terminology directly from the study documents, when available. Studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution that did not include relevant participant demographic information would not be represented in this table.

For more information on how Clearinghouse reviewers record the information in the table, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.

Characteristics of the Participants in the Studies with Moderate or High Ratings
Study Location	Study Year	Demographic Characteristics	Populations of Interest*	Household Socioeconomic Status
Study 10042 - TF-CBT vs. Child Centered Therapy Treatment as Usual
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Pennsylvania, USA	--	Average age: 11 years; Age range: 8-15 years 60% White 28% African American 7% Biracial 4% Hispanic American 1% Other 79% Female 21% Male	100% Sexually abused; 90% Experienced traumatic events in addition to sexual abuse	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
Pennsylvania, USA	--	Average age: 37 years	8% Participating parent received treatment for personal sexual abuse	48% Family income greater than $25,000 per year 52% Family income less than $25,000 per year 52% Full-time employment 48% Part-time employed or unemployed
Study 10039 - Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Sexually Abused Preschoolers (CBT-SAP) vs. Nondirective Supportive Therapy Control Condition
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Pennsylvania, USA	--	Average age: 5 years; Age range: 2-7 years; 41% Kindergarten or entering first grade, 28% Preschool, 20% Home with a parent, 10% Day care or baby-sitting arrangement 54% Caucasian 42% African-American 4% Other 58% Female 42% Male	100% Sexually abused; 25% Abused once, 26% Abused 2-5 times, 15% Abused 6-10 times, 29% Abused more than 10 times, 5% Unknown	--
Study 10062 - TF-CBT vs. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Amsterdam, Netherlands	2009	Average age: 13 years, Range: 8-18 years 77% Dutch 38% Boys	17% had experienced single-event trauma: sexual assault	--
Study 15814 - TF-CBT vs. Enhanced Psychosocial Counseling
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Lusaka, Zambia	2014	Average age: 15 years; Age range: 13-17 years 28% Bemba 27% Other Ethnicity 21% Ngoni 8% Tonga 5% Lozi 3.1% Lunda 2.4% Kaonde 2.3% Luvale 55% Female	37% Physical disability; 25% HIV positive	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
Lusaka, Zambia	2014	--	--	2% Caregiver income per month >$500 1.8% Caregiver income per month $201-$500 5% Caregiver income per month $151-$200 17% Caregiver income per month $51-$150 14% Caregiver income per month $31-$50 12% Caregiver income per month $10-$30 24% Caregiver income per month <$10
Study 15805 - TF-CBT vs. Waitlist
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Nigeria	--	Age range: 8-16 years; 41% age 8-10 years, 44% age 11-13 years, 16% age 14-16 years 69% Female 31% Male	--	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
Nigeria	--	--	11% Father Only; 36% Mother Only	--
Study 15811 - TF-CBT vs. Enhanced Treatment as Usual
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Sweden	2012	Average age: 12.4 years; Age range: 5-17 years 14% Born outside Sweden 66% Girls 34% Boys	71% Abused; 22% Living in foster care or institution; 25% Sexually abused	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
Sweden	2012	43% Participating parent born outside of Sweden	--	50% Caregiver working
Study 15801 - TF-CBT vs. Usual Care
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Kenya and Tanzania	2013	Average age: 11 years; Age range: 7-13 years 50% Female	--	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
Kenya and Tanzania	2013	Average age: 45 years; Age range: 19-93 years 90% Female	--	--
Study 10051 - TF-CBT vs. Nondirective Supportive Therapy (Treatment Completer Sample)
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
USA	--	Average age: 11 years; Age range: 7-15 years 59% Caucasian 37% African American 2% Hispanic 2% Biracial 69% Female 31% Male	100% Experienced independently validated contact sexual abuse; Number of abuse episodes: 36% One episode, 20% 2-5 episodes, 8% 6-10 episodes, 33% >10 episodes, 3% Not reported; 2% Currently living with foster parents	--
Study 10047 - TF-CBT vs. Therapy As Usual Comparison (Intention-to-Treat Sample)
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
Norway	2008	Average age: 15 years; Age range: 10-18 years 74% Norwegian 11% Asian 8% One parent Norwegian 2% African countries 1% Western European countries 1% South/Central American countries 1% Other 1% Nordic countries 1% Eastern European countries 79% Girls 21% Boys	8% Foster care; Average number of traumatic experiences: 4 traumatic experiences; Traumatic experiences include: 59% Violence outside the family, 28% Witnessed physical abuse outside the family, 43% Witnessed physical abuse inside the family, 46% Exposed to physical abuse inside the family; 28% Sexual abuse outside the family, 8% Sexual abuse inside the family	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
Norway	2008	--	72% Mothers, 17% Fathers, 9% Foster parents	54% Working full time 15% Working part time 3% Job seeker 24% Welfare recipient/other 3% Student

“--” indicates information not reported in the study.

* The information about disabilities is based on initial coding. For more information on how the Clearinghouse recorded disability information for the initial release, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.

Note: Citations for the documents associated with each 5-digit study number shown in the table can be found in the “Studies Reviewed” section below. Study settings and participant demographics are recorded for all studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Studies that did not report any information about setting or participant demographics are not displayed. For more information on how participant characteristics are recorded, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.

Sometimes study results are reported in more than one document, or a single document reports results from multiple studies. Studies are identified below by their Prevention Services Clearinghouse study identification numbers. To receive a rating of supported or well-supported, the favorable evidence for a program or service must have been obtained from research conducted in a usual care or practice setting.

Studies Rated High

Study 10042

Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., & Steer, R. A. (2004). A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse–related ptsd symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000111364.94169.f9

Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., & Steer, R. A. (2006). A follow-up study of a multisite, randomized, controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(12), 1474-1484. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000240839.56114.bb

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)
Study 15814

Kane, J. C., Figge, C., Paniagua-Avila, A., Michaels-Strasser, S., Akiba, C., Mwenge, M., Munthali, S., Bolton, P., Skavenski, S., Paul, R., Simenda, F., Whetten, K., Cohen, J., Metz, K., & Murray, L. K. (2024). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy compared to psychosocial counseling in reducing HIV risk behaviors, substance use, and mental health problems among orphans and vulnerable children in Zambia: A community-based randomized controlled trial. AIDS & Behavior, 28(1), 245-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-023-04179-w

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)
In addition to full sample analyses, this study also reported analyses that included the following subgroups:
Study 15805

Ekwueme, U. H., Ekwueme, F. O., Umeano, E. C., & Ugwuanyi, C. S. (2026). Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among abused children in internally displaced persons camps in Nigeria: An intervention study of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 44(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-025-00621-1

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)
In addition to full sample analyses, this study also reported analyses that included the following subgroups:
Study 15811

Hultmann, O., Broberg, A. G., & Axberg, U. (2023). A randomized controlled study of trauma focused cognitive behavioural therapy compared to enhanced treatment as usual with patients in child mental health care traumatized from family violence. Children & Youth Services Review, 144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106716

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)
Study 15801

Dorsey, S., Lucid, L., Martin, P., King, K. M., O’Donnell, K., Murray, L. K., Wasonga, A. I., Itemba, D. K., Cohen, J. A., Manongi, R., & Whetten, K. (2020a). Effectiveness of Task-Shifted Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children Who Experienced Parental Death and Posttraumatic Stress in Kenya and Tanzania: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(5), 464–473. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4475

Dorsey, S., Akiba, C. F., Triplett, N. S., Lucid, L., Carroll, H. A., Benjamin, K. S., Itemba, D. K., Wasonga, A. I., Manongi, R., Martin, P., Sun, Z., & Whetten, K. (2022). Consumer perspectives on acceptability of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in Tanzania and Kenya: A mixed methods study. Implementation Research and Practice, 3, 26334895221109963. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895221109963

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)
Study 10047

Jensen, T. K., Holt, T., Ormhaug, S. M., Egeland, K., Granly, L., Hoaas, L. C., Hukkelberg, S. S., Indregard, T., Stormyren, S. D., & Wentzel-Larsen, T. (2014). A randomized effectiveness study comparing Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with therapy as usual for youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(3), 356-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.822307

Jensen, T., Holt, T., Ormhaug, S., Jensen, T. K., & Ormhaug, S. M. (2017). A follow-up study from a multisite, randomized controlled trial for traumatized children receiving TF-CBT. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(8), 1587-1597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0270-0

Jensen, T. K., Holt, T., Mørup Ormhaug, S., Fjermestad, K. W., & Wentzel-Larsen, T. (2018). Change in post-traumatic cognitions mediates treatment effects for traumatized youth-a randomized controlled trial. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 65(2), 166-177. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000258

Ormhaug, S. M., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Shirk, S. R. (2014). The therapeutic alliance in treatment of traumatized youths: Relation to outcome in a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(1), 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033884

Knutsen, M., & Jensen, T. K. (2019). Changes in the trauma narratives of youth receiving Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Psychotherapy Research, 29(1), 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1303208

Aas, E., Iversen, T., Holt, T., Ormhaug, S. M., & Jensen, T. K. (2019). Cost-effectiveness analysis of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A randomized control trial among Norwegian youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48, S298-S311. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1463535

Birkeland, M. S., Holt, T., Ormhaug, S. M., & Jensen, T. K. (2020). Perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and youth in therapy: A parallel process latent growth curve model. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 132, Article 103655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2020.103655

Ovenstad, K. S., Ormhaug, S. M., Shirk, S. R., & Jensen, T. K. (2020). Therapists' behaviors and youths' therapeutic alliance during Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 88(4), 350-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000465

Ovenstad, K. S., Jensen, T. K., & Ormhaug, S. M. (2022). Four perspectives on traumatized youths' therapeutic alliance: Correspondence and outcome predictions. Psychotherapy Research, 32(6), 820-832. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2021.2011983

Ovenstad, K. S., Ormhaug, S. M., & Jensen, T. K. (2023). The relationship between youth involvement, alliance and outcome in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 33(3), 316-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2022.2123719

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)

Studies Rated Moderate

Study 10039

Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1996). A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: Initial findings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(1), 42-50.

Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1997). A treatment study for sexually abused preschool children: Outcome during a one-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(9), 1228-1235.

Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1996). Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(10), 1402-1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199610000-00028

Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children: Six- and 12-month follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(1), 44-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199801000-00016

This study was not conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)
Study 10062

Diehle, J., Opmeer, B. C., Boer, F., Mannarino, A. P., & Lindauer, R. J. (2015). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: What works in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(2), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0572-5

Zantvoord, J. B., Ensink, J. B. M., Op den Kelder, R., Wessel, A. M. A., Lok, A., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2019). Pretreatment cortisol predicts trauma-focused psychotherapy response in youth with (partial) posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 109, Article 104380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104380

Zantvoord, J. B., Ensink, J. B. M., Op den Kelder, R., Diehle, J., Lok, A., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2024). Autonomic nervous system function before and after trauma-focused psychotherapy in youth with (partial) posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 162, Article 106945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106945

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)
Study 10051

Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (1998). Interventions for sexually abused children: Initial treatment findings. Child Maltreatment, 3(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559598003001002

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Knudsen, K. (2005). Treating sexually abused children: 1 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(2), 135-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.005

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 7.2.2)

Studies Rated Low

Study 10043

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Iyengar, S. (2011). Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: A randomized control trial. Archive of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 165(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.247

This study received a low rating because the standards for addressing missing data were not met.
Study 10040

Murray, L. K., Skavenski, S., Kane, J. C., Mayeya, J., Dorsey, S., Cohen, J. A., Michalopoulos, L. T. M., Imasiku, M., & Bolton, P. A. (2015). Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy among trauma-affected children in Lusaka, Zambia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8), 761-769. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0580

Kane, J. C., Murray, L. K., Cohen, J., Dorsey, S., Skavenski van Wyk, S., Galloway Henderson, J., Imasiku, M., Mayeya, J., & Bolton, P. (2016). Moderators of treatment response to Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy among youth in Zambia. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, And Allied Disciplines, 57(10), 1194-1202. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12623

This study received a low rating because it did not meet the statistical model standards.
Study 10044

Deblinger, E., Lippmann, J., & Steer, R. (1996). Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: Initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment, 1(4), 310-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559596001004003

Deblinger, E., Steer, R. A., & Lippmann, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23(12), 1371-1378. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00091-5

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 15788

Ahmadi, N., Chaudhry, S., Salam, T., Rodriguez, J., Kase, M., Olango, G., Molla, M., McCracken, J., & Pynoos, R. (2020). A randomized controlled feasibility trial of Reminder-Focused Positive Psychiatry in adolescents with comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.19m02579

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10052

O'Callaghan, P., McMullen, J., Shannon, C., Rafferty, H., & Black, A. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for sexually exploited, war-affected Congolese girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(4), 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.013

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 15812

Kameoka, S., Tanaka, E., Yamamoto, S., Saito, A., Narisawa, T., Arai, Y., Nosaka, S., Ichikawa, K., & Asukai, N. (2020). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for Japanese children and adolescents in community settings: A multisite randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1767987. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1767987

This study received a low rating because the standards for addressing missing data were not met.

Studies Reviewed for Risk of Harm

Study 15809

Garrett, A., Cohen, J. A., Zack, S., Carrion, V., Jo, B., Blader, J., Rodriguez, A., Vanasse, T. J., Reiss, A. L., & Agras, W. S. (2019a). Longitudinal changes in brain function associated with symptom improvement in youth with PTSD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 114, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.021

Garrett, A. S., Abazid, L., Cohen, J. A., van der Kooij, A., Carrion, V., Zhang, W., Jo, B., Franklin, C., Blader, J., Zack, S., Reiss, A. L., & Agras, W. S. (2021). Changes in brain volume associated with Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy among youth with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4), 744-756. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22678

Garrett, A. S., Zhang, W., Price, L. R., Cross, J., Gomez-Giuliani, N., van Hoof, M.-J., Carrion, V., & Cohen, J. A. (2023). Structural equation modeling of treatment-related changes in neural connectivity for youth with PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 334, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.066

Study 15800

Dehghan Manshadi, Z., Neshat Doost, H. T., Talebi, H., & Vostanis, P. (2025). TF-CBT for child earthquake survivors: Promoting self-compassion, PTG, and reducing behavioral problems. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 30(2), 218-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2024.2396130

Study 10228

Farnia, V., Naami, A., Zargar, Y., Davoodi, I., Salemi, S., Tatari, F., . . . Alikhani, M. (2018). Comparison of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and theory of mind: Improvement of posttraumatic growth and emotion regulation strategies. Journal Of Education And Health Promotion, 7, 58. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_140_17

Naami, A., Zargar, Y., Davoodi, I., Farnia, V., Salemi, S., Tatari, F., & Khanegi, M. (2020). Comparison of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy and theory of mind on increasing social competence among abused children. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9, 81. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_380_19

Study 15793

Barnett, E. R., Jankowski, M. K., & Trepman, A. Z. (2019). State-wide implementation and clinical outcomes associated with evidence-based psychotherapies for traumatized youth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(7), 775.https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000444

Study 10049

McMullen, J., O'Callaghan, P., Shannon, C., Black, A., & Eakin, J. (2013). Group Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the dr congo: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(11), 1231-1241. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12094

Study 10067

Schottelkorb, A. A., Doumas, D. M., & Garcia, R. (2012). Treatment for childhood refugee trauma: A randomized, controlled trial. International Journal of Play Therapy, 21(2), 57-73. doi:10.1037/a0027430

Study 10048

King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S., . . . Ollendic, T. H. (2000). Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1347-1355.

Study 10041

Scheeringa, M. S., Weems, C. F., Cohen, J. A., Amaya-Jackson, L., & Guthrie, D. (2011). Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three-through six year-old children: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(8), 853-860. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02354.x

Study 15819

Lee, P., & Lang, J. M. (2024d). Comparing trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy to commonly used treatments in usual care for children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 16(Suppl 3), S464-S471. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001555

Study 15827

Munguia, A., Ostrosky, F., Lozano, A., Castaneda, D., Lujan, A., Diaz, K., Perez, M., Lara, R., & Sacristan, E. (2024). The relationship between changes in functional networks and cognitive changes and PTSD symptoms in maltreated children before and after TF-CBT. Behavioural Brain Research, 471, 115091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115091

Gonzalez-Alemany, E., Ostrosky, F., Lozano, A., Lujan, A., Perez, M., Castaneda, D., Diaz, K., Lara, R., Sacristan, E., & Bobes, M. A. (2024). Brain structural change associated with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in maltreated children. Brain Research, 1825, 148702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148702

Ostrosky, F., Decety, J., Lozano, A., Lujan, A., Perez, M., Munguia, A., Castaneda, D., Diaz, K., Lara, R., Sacristan, E., Bobes, M. A., Borja, K., Camarena, B., Hernandez-Munoz, S., Alvarez, A., & Franco-Bourland, R. E. (2024). Can psychopathy be prevented? Clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic data: An exploratory study. Child Neuropsychology: A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 30(6), 861-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2023.2277396

Study 10060

Jaycox, L. H., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Walker, D. W., Langley, A. K., Gegenheimer, K. L., . . . Schonlau, M. (2010). Children's mental health care following Hurricane Katrina: A field trial of trauma-focused psychotherapies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(2), 223-231. doi:10.1002/jts.20518

Study 15813

Kaminer, D., Simmons, C., Seedat, S., Skavenski, S., Murray, L., Kidd, M., & Cohen, J. A. (2023). Effectiveness of abbreviated trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for South African adolescents: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2181602

Study 10227

Farina, V., Salemi, S., Tatari, F., Abdoli, N., Jouybari, T. A., Alikhani, M., . . . Zakiei, A. (2018). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A clinical trial to increase self-efficacy in abused the primary school children. Journal Of Education And Health Promotion, 7, 33. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_80_17

Study 15794

Brown, E. J., Goodman, R. F., Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Chaplin, W. F. (2020). An exploratory trial of cognitive-behavioral vs client-centered therapies for child-mother dyads bereaved from terrorism. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 13(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-019-00264-2

Study 15825

Mohajerin, B., Lynn, S. J., & Cassiello-Robbins, C. (2023). Unified protocol vs Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy among adolescents with PTSD. Behavior Therapy, 54(5), 823-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2023.03.003

Study 15838

Shahkaram, H., Bakhtiari, M., Ganjali, A., & Kianimoghadam, A. S. (2025). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on quality of trauma-related memory, dissociative experiences, and body image dissatisfaction in adolescents with complex post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 14, 496. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1014_24

Study 10046

Goldbeck, L., Muche, R., Sachser, C., Tutus, D., & Rosner, R. (2016). Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for children and adolescents: A randomized controlled trial in eight German mental health clinics. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(3), 159-170. doi:10.1159/000442824

Pfeiffer, E., Sachser, C., de Haan, A., Tutus, D., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions as a mediator of symptom reduction in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with children and adolescents: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 178–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.08.001

Sachser, C., Keller, F., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Complex PTSD as proposed for ICD-11: Validation of a new disorder in children and adolescents and their response to Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12640

Tutus, D., Goldbeck, L., Pfeiffer, E., Sachser, C., & Plener, P. L. (2018). Parental dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000419

Tutus, D., Keller, F., Sachser, C., Pfeiffer, E., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Change in parental depressive symptoms in Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 27(2), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2016.0136

Tutus, D., Pfeiffer, E., Rosner, R., Sachser, C., & Goldbeck, L. (2017). Sustainability of treatment effects of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for children and adolescents: Findings from 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 86(6), 379–381. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481198

Loos, S., Tutus, D., Kilian, R., & Goldbeck, L. (2020). Do caregivers' perspectives matter? Working alliances and treatment outcomes in trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy with children and adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1753939

Tutus, D., Goldbeck, L., Pfeiffer, E., Sachser, C., & Plener, P. L. (2019). Parental dysfunctional posttraumatic cognitions in trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 11(7), 722-731. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000419

Tutus, D., Pfeiffer, E., Plener, P. L., Rosner, R., Bernheim, D., & Sachser, C. (2021). The change in parental symptoms and dysfunctional cognitions in the course of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Sustainability until one-year post-treatment. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 31(2), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2020.0097

Unterhitzenberger, J., Sachser, C., & Rosner, R. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and childhood traumatic loss: A secondary analysis of symptom severity and treatment outcome. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(3), 208-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22499

Studies Not Eligible for Review

Study 10068

Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD in children and adolescents: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(8), 1051-1061. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318067e288

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10045

Deblinger, E., Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Runyon, M. K., & Steer, R. A. (2011). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for children: Impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depression and Anxiety, 28(1), 67-75. doi:10.1002/da.20744

Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., & Runyon, M. K. (2012). Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for children: Sustained impact of treatment 6 and 12 months later. Child Maltreatment, 17(3), 231-241.

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible comparison condition (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.7)

Study 10063

Kataoka, S. H., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Wong, M., Escudero, P., Tu, W., . . . Fink, A. (2003). A school-based mental health program for traumatized latino immigrant children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(3), 311-318. doi:10.1097/01.CHI.0000037038.04952.8E

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10064

Nixon, R. D., Sterk, J., & Pearce, A. (2012). A randomized trial of cognitive behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy for children with posttraumatic stress disorder following single-incident trauma. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(3), 327-337. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9566-7

Nixon, R. D. V., Sterk, J., Pearce, A., & Weber, N. (2017). A randomized trial of cognitive behavior therapy and cognitive therapy for children with posttraumatic stress disorder following single-incident trauma: Predictors and outcome at 1-year follow-up. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 9(4), 471-478. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000190

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible comparison condition (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.7)

Study 10066

Runyon, M. K., Deblinger, E., & Steer, R. A. (2010). Group cognitive behavioral treatment for parents and children at-risk for physical abuse: An initial study. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 32(3), 196-218. doi:10.1080/07317107.2010.500515

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10222

Böttche, M., Kuwert, P., Pietrzak, R. H., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2016). Predictors of outcome of an internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults. Psychology And Psychotherapy, 89(1), 82-96. doi:10.1111/papt.12069

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10223

Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000135620.15522.38

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 10224

Dalgleish, T., Goodall, B., Chadwick, I., Werner-Seidler, A., McKinnon, A., Morant, N., . . . Meiser-Stedman, R. (2015). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy versus treatment as usual for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young children aged 3 to 8 years: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 16(1), 116-116. doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0632-2

Hitchcock, C., Goodall, B., Wright, I. M., Boyle, A., Johnston, D., Dunning, D., Gillard, J., Griffiths, K., Humphrey, A., McKinnon, A., Panesar, I. K., Werner-Seidler, A., Watson, P., Smith, P., Meiser-Stedman, R., & Dalgleish, T. (2022). The early course and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in very young children: diagnostic prevalence and predictors in hospital-attending children and a randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial of trauma-focused cognitive therapy, for 3- to 8-year-olds. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 63(1), 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13460

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10225

Deisenhofer, A.-K., Delgadillo, J., Rubel, J. A., Böhnke, J. R., Zimmermann, D., Schwartz, B., & Lutz, W. (2018). Individual treatment selection for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 35(6), 541-550. doi:10.1002/da.22755

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10226

Dorsey, S., Pullmann, M. D., Deblinger, E., Berliner, L., Kerns, S. E., Thompson, K., . . . Garland, A. F. (2013). Improving practice in community-based settings: A randomized trial of supervision - study protocol. Implementation Science, 8(1), 89-89. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-8-89

Dorsey, S., AlRasheed, R., Kerns, S. E., Meza, R. D., Triplett, N., Deblinger, E., Jungbluth, N., Berliner, L., Naithani, L., & Pullmann, M. D. (2025). A randomized controlled trial testing supervision strategies in community mental health. Implementation Research and Practice, 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895251330523

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 10229

Foa, E. B., Zoellner, L. A., & Feeny, N. C. (2006). An evaluation of three brief programs for facilitating recovery after assault. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(1), 29-43. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20096

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10230

Ghafoori, B., Wolf, M. G., Nylund-Gibson, K., & Felix, E. D. (2018). A naturalistic study exploring mental health outcomes following trauma-focused treatment among diverse survivors of crime and violence. Journal Of Affective Disorders, 245, 617-625. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.060

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10231

Hoagwood, K. E., Vogel, J. M., Levitt, J. M., D'Amico, P. J., Paisner, W. I., & Kaplan, S. J. (2007). Implementing an evidence-based trauma treatment in a state system after September 11: The CATS project. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(6), 773-779. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e3180413def

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 10232

Kenardy, J., Cobham, V., Nixon, R. D. V., McDermott, B., & March, S. (2010). Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of risk screening and early intervention comparing child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for ptsd in children following accidental injury. BMC Psychiatry, 10, 92. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-92

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 10234

Nollett, C., Lewis, C., Kitchiner, N., Roberts, N., Addison, K., Brookes-Howell, L., . . . Bisson, J. (2018). Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of a trauma-focused guided self-help programme versus individual Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID): Trial protocol. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 77. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1665-3

Bisson, J. I., Ariti, C., Cullen, K., Kitchiner, N., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Simon, N., Smallman, K., Addison, K., Bell, V., Brookes-Howell, L., Cosgrove, S., Ehlers, A., Fitzsimmons, D., Foscarini-Craggs, P., Harris, S. R. S., Kelson, M., Lovell, K., McKenna, M., McNamara, R., ...Williams-Thomas, R. (2022). Guided, internet based, cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial (RAPID). BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 377, e069405. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-069405

Bisson, J. I., Ariti, C., Cullen, K., Kitchiner, N., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Simon, N., Smallman, K., Addison, K., Bell, V., Brookes-Howell, L., Cosgrove, S., Ehlers, A., Fitzsimmons, D., Foscarini-Craggs, P., Harris, S. R. S., Kelson, M., Lovell, K., McKenna, M., McNamara, R., ...Williams-Thomas, R. (2023). Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of guided self-help versus individual cognitive behavioural therapy with a trauma focus for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID). Health technology assessment, 27(26), 1-141. https://doi.org/10.3310/YTQW8336

Simon, N., Lewis, C. E., Smallman, K., Brookes-Howell, L., Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N. J., Ariti, C., Nollett, C., McNamara, R., & Bisson, J. I. (2023). The acceptability of a guided internet-based trauma-focused self-help programme (Spring) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). European journal of psychotraumatology, 14(2), 2212554. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2023.2212554

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 10235

O'Driscoll, C., Mason, O., Brady, F., Smith, B., & Steel, C. (2016). Process analysis of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for individuals with schizophrenia. Psychology And Psychotherapy, 89(2), 117-132. doi:10.1111/papt.12072

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15789

Ahmadi, S. J., Musavi, Z., Samim, N., Sadeqi, M., & Jobson, L. (2022). Investigating the Feasibility, Acceptability and Efficacy of Using Modified-Written Exposure Therapy in the Aftermath of a Terrorist Attack on Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Afghan Adolescent Girls. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 826633. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826633

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15790

Ahmadi, S. J., Tavoli, A., Musavi, Z., & Dainer-Best, J. (2024). Acceptance and commitment therapy versus trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy: A comparative study of the effects on the posttraumatic stress symptoms of female Afghan adolescents. American Psychologist, 79(9), 1452. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001451

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15791

Allen, B., Shenk, C. E., Dreschel, N. E., Wang, M., Bucher, A. M., Desir, M. P., ... & Grabowski, S. R. (2022). Integrating animal-assisted therapy into TF-CBT for abused youth with PTSD: a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Child maltreatment, 27(3), 466-477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520988790

Allen, B., & Brown, M. P. (2023). Attachment security as an outcome and predictor of response to trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy among maltreated children with posttraumatic stress: A pilot study. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 28(3), 1080-1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045221144588

Brown, M. P., Shenk, C. E., Allen, B., Dunning, E. D., Lombera, M. A., Bucher, A. M., & Dreschel, N. A. (2024). The influence of pretreatment respiratory sinus arrhythmia dimensions on trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy outcomes: Findings from a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Journal of traumatic stress, 37(6), 850-863. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.23053

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible comparison condition (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.7)

Study 15792

Andersen, T. E., Ravn, S. L., Armfield, N., Maujean, A., Requena, S. S., & Sterling, M. (2021). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy and exercise for chronic whiplash with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Pain, 162(4), 1221-1232.. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002117

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15795

Bryant, R. A., Erlinger, M., Felmingham, K., Malhi, G. S., O'Donnell, M. L., Williams, L. M., & Korgaonkar, M. S. (2020). Differential neural predictors of treatment response for fear and dysphoric features of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 37(10), 1026-1036. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23061

Korgaonkar, M. S., Chakouch, C., Breukelaar, I. A., Erlinger, M., Felmingham, K. L., Forbes, D., Williams, L. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2020). Intrinsic connectomes underlying response to trauma-focused psychotherapy in post-traumatic stress disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1), 270. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00938-8

Korgaonkar, M. S., Felmingham, K. L., Klimova, A., Erlinger, M., Williams, L. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2021). White matter anisotropy and response to cognitive behavior therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01143-3

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15796

Crespo, M., Arinero, M., & Soberon, C. (2021). Analysis of effectiveness of individual and group trauma-focused interventions for female victims of intimate partner violence. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041952

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15797

Crespo, M., Hernandez-Lloreda, M. J., Hornillos, C., Miguel-Alvaro, A., Sanchez-Ferrer, S., & Anton, A. A. (2024). Evocation of positive memories as complement to trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for intimate partner violence against women. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 15(1), 2419699. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2419699

Crespo, M., Miguel-Alvaro, A., Hornillos, C., Sanchez-Ferrer, S., & Anton, A. A. (2022). Effect of adding a positive memories' module in a trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural treatment for female survivors of intimate partner violence: Trial protocol. Trials, 23(1), 593.

Crespo, M., Anton, A. A., & Hornillos, C. (2025). Dropout from trauma-focused treatment for intimate partner violence against women. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 32(3), e70092. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70092

Crespo, M., Hernandez-Lloreda, M. J., & Hornillos, C. (2025). Long-term effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Therapy for intimate partner violence against women: Effects on posttraumatic symptoms and revictimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 08862605251372567. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605251372567

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15798

Danielson, C. K., Adams, Z., McCart, M. R., Chapman, J. E., Sheidow, A. J., Walker, J., Smalling, A., & de Arellano, M. A. (2020). Safety and efficacy of exposure-based risk reduction through family therapy for co-occurring substance use problems and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(6), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.4803

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15799

Davidson, T. M., Bunnell, B. E., Saunders, B. E., Hanson, R. F., Danielson, C. K., Cook, D., Chu, B. C., Dorsey, S., Adams, Z. W., Andrews III, A. R., Walker, J. H., Soltis, K. E., Cohen, J. A., Deblinger, E., Ruggiero, K. J., & Andrews, A. R. 3rd. (2019a). Pilot evaluation of a tablet-based application to improve quality of care in child mental health treatment. Behavior Therapy, 50(2), 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.005

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible comparison condition (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.7)

Study 15802

Dorsey, S., Gray, C. L., Wasonga, A. I., Amanya, C., Weiner, B. J., Belden, C. M., Martin, P., Meza, R. D., Weinhold, A. K., Soi, C., Murray, L. K., Lucid, L., Turner, E. L., Mildon, R., & Whetten, K. (2020). Advancing successful implementation of task-shifted mental health care in low-resource settings (BASIC): Protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2364-4

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15803

Durbeej, N., McDiarmid, S., Sarkadi, A., Feldman, I., Punamaki, R.-L., Kankaanpaa, R., Andersen, A., Hilden, P. K., Verelst, A., Derluyn, I., & Osman, F. (2021). Evaluation of a school-based intervention to promote mental health of refugee youth in Sweden (The RefugeesWellSchool Trial): Study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 22(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04995-8

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15804

Edeh, N. I., Ugwoke, E. O., Anaele, E. N., Madusaba, B. M., Naboth-Odums, A., Isiwu, E. A., Olinya, T. O., Enyi, C., David, A. O., Yumma, D. C., Yeldim, T. P., Odunukwe, M. C., Victor, S. N., & Abubakar, A. (2022). Supporting business educators and students against COVID-19 trauma using trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Medicine, 101(14), e29133. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000029133

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15806

Ensink, J. B. M., Henneman, P., Venema, A., Zantvoord, J. B., den Kelder, R. O., Mannens, M. M. A. M., & Lindauer, R. J. L. (2024). Distinct saliva DNA methylation profiles in relation to treatment outcome in youth with posttraumatic stress disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 14(1), 309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02892-1

This study is ineligible for review because it does not report program or service impacts on an eligible outcome (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.8)

Study 15808

Ewing-Cobbs, L., Wade, S. L., Murphy, D. M., McNally, K., Hickingbotham, H., Clark, A. E., Presson, A. P., & Keenan, H. T. (2026). Reducing stress after trauma in physically injured children: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1143

Keenan, H. T., Wade, S. L., Miron, D., Presson, A. P., Clark, A. E., & Ewing-Cobbs, L. (2023a). Reducing Stress after Trauma (ReSeT): Study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial of an online psychoeducational program and video therapy sessions for children hospitalized after trauma. Trials, 24(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-023-07806-y

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15810

Guerra, C., Taylor, E. P., & Arredondo, V. (2024). Effect of three group interventions on psychosocial functioning in adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence in Chile: A pilot clinical trial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 157, 107073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107073

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15815

Konanur, S., & Muller, R. T. (2024). A community-based study of the impact of trauma exposure on school-aged children's self-concept and improvements following TF-CBT. Child Abuse & Neglect, 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106921

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15816

Kruger-Gottschalk, A., Kuck, S. T., Dyer, A., Alpers, G. W., Pittig, A., Morina, N., & Ehring, T. (2025a). Effectiveness in routine care: Trauma-focused treatment for PTSD. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 16(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2452680

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15817

Lebenbaum, M., & Hassan, S. A. (2024). Screening and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in wildfire evacuees: A cost-utility analysis. MDM Policy & Practice, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/23814683241260423

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15818

Lee, A. H., & Brown, E. (2022). Examining the effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on children and adolescents' executive function. Child Abuse & Neglect, 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105516

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15820

Li, J., Li, J., Zhang, W., Wang, G., & Qu, Z. (2023). Effectiveness of a school-based, lay counselor-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for Chinese children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. The Lancet Regional Health. Western Pacific, 33, 100699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100699

Li, J., Li, J., Hou, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, G., & Qu, Z. (2024). Underlying mechanisms of change in the effects of cognitive behavior therapy on posttraumatic stress disorders among Chinese children: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 156, 107023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107023

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15821

Li, J., Li, J., Yuan, L., Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., & Qu, Z. (2024). The acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy for Chinese children with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice & Policy, 16, S255-S264. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001324

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15822

Lyon, A. R., Pullmann, M. D., Dorsey, S., Levin, C., Gaias, L. M., Brewer, S. K., Larson, M., Corbin, C. M., Davis, C., Muse, I., Joshi, M., Reyes, R., Jungbluth, N. J., Barrett, R., Hong, D., Gomez, M. D., & Cook, C. R. (2021). Protocol for a hybrid type 2 cluster randomized trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy and a pragmatic individual-level implementation strategy. Implementation Science: IS, 16(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-020-01064-1

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15823

Meiser-Stedman, R., Allen, L., Ashford, P.-A., Beeson, E., Byford, S., Danese, A., Farr, A., Finn, J., Goodall, B., Grainger, L., Hammond, M., Harmston, R., Humphrey, A., King, D., Lofthouse, K., Mahoney-Davies, G., Miles, S., Moore, J., Morant, N., ... Smith, P. (2025). A pragmatic randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents exposed to multiple traumatic stressors: The DECRYPT trial. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 24(3), 422-434. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21355

Allen, L., Ashford, P.-A., Beeson, E., Byford, S., Chow, J., Dalgleish, T., Danese, A., Finn, J., Goodall, B., Grainger, L., Hammond, M., Humphrey, A., Mahoney-Davies, G., Morant, N., Shepstone, L., Sims, E., Smith, P., Stallard, P., Swanepoel, A., ... Meiser-Stedman, R. (2021). DECRYPT trial: Study protocol for a phase II randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth exposed to multiple traumatic stressors. BMJ Open, 11(7), e047600. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047600

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15824

Minelli, A., Zampieri, E., Sacco, C., Bazzanella, R., Mezzetti, N., Tessari, E., Barlati, S., & Bortolomasi, M. (2019). Clinical efficacy of trauma-focused psychotherapies in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in-patients: A randomized, controlled pilot-study. Psychiatry Research, 273, 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.070

Silva, R. C., Dattilo, V., Perusi, G., Mazzelli, M., Maffioletti, E., Bazzanella, R., Bortolomasi, M., Cattaneo, A., Gennarelli, M., & Minelli, A. (2023). Transcriptional modulation of stress-related genes in association with early life stress exposure and Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy in treatment-resistant depression patients. Journal of EMDR Practice & Research, 17(3), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.1891/EMDR-2023-0019

Carvalho Silva, R., Martini, P., Hohoff, C., Mattevi, S., Bortolomasi, M., Menesello, V., Gennarelli, M., Baune, B. T., & Minelli, A. (2024). DNA methylation changes in association with trauma-focused psychotherapy efficacy in treatment-resistant depression patients: A prospective longitudinal study. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 15(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2314913

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15826

Molero-Zafra, M., Fernandez-Garcia, O., Mitjans-Lafont, M. T., Perez-Marin, M., & Hernandez-Jimenez, M. J. (2024). Psychological intervention in women victims of childhood sexual abuse: A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing EMDR psychotherapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1360388. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1360388

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15828

Palfrey, N., Ryan, R., & Reay, R. E. (2023). Implementation of trauma-specific interventions in a child and adolescent mental health service. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 32(6), 1722-1735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02467-y

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15829

Perri, R. L., Castelli, P., La Rosa, C., Zucchi, T., Onofri, A., & Nicholson, A. (2021). COVID-19, isolation, quarantine: On the efficacy of internet-based Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for ongoing trauma. Brain Sciences (2076-3425), 11(5), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050579

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15830

Popiel, A., Banaszak, B., Praglowska, E., & Zawadzki, B. (2025). Effectiveness of psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in subjects suffering from traumatic brain injuries after motor vehicle accidents. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 13(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13101194

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15831

Rosner, R., Barke, A., Albrecht, B., Christiansen, H., Ebert, D. D., Lechner-Meichsner, F., Muche, R., Zarski, A.-C., & Steil, R. (2020). BEST FOR CAN - bringing empirically supported treatments to children and adolescents after child abuse and neglect: Study protocol. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1837531

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15832

Rosner, R., Eilers, R., Gossmann, K., Kneidinger, J., Szota, K., Christiansen, H., Deutscher, S., Schulte, C., Ebert, D. D., Grass, A., Rueger, S., Muche, R., Zarski, A.-C., & Steil, R. (2024). BEST FOR CAN - bringing empirically supported treatments to children and adolescents after child abuse and neglect: Update to the study protocol. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 15(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2024.2372160

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15833

Rudd, B. N., Last, B. S., Gregor, C., Jackson, K., Berkowitz, S., Zinny, A., Kratz, H. E., Cliggitt, L., Adams, D. R., Walsh, L. M., & Beidas, R. S. (2019). Benchmarking treatment effectiveness of community-delivered Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. American Journal of Community Psychology, 64(3/4), 438-450. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12370

Last, B. S., Rudd, B. N., Gregor, C. A., Kratz, H. E., Jackson, K., Berkowitz, S., Zinny, A., Cliggitt, L. P., Adams, D. R., Walsh, L. M., & Beidas, R. S. (2020). Sociodemographic characteristics of youth in a trauma focused-cognitive behavioral therapy effectiveness trial in the city of Philadelphia. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(4), 1273-1293. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22306

Last, B. S., Johnson, C., Dallard, N., Fernandez-Marcote, S., Zinny, A., Jackson, K., Cliggitt, L., Rudd, B. N., Mills, C., & Beidas, R. S. (2023). Implementing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy in Philadelphia: A 10-year evaluation. Implementation Research & Practice, 4, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895231199467

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible comparison condition (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.7)

Study 15834

Salloum, A., Lu, Y., Chen, H., Salomon, K., Scheeringa, M. S., Cohen, J. A., Swaidan, V., & Storch, E. A. (2022). Child and parent secondary outcomes in stepped care versus standard care treatment for childhood trauma. Journal of Affective Disorders, 307, 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.049

Salloum, A., Lu, Y., Chen, H., Quast, T., Cohen, J. A., Scheeringa, M. S., Salomon, K., & Storch, E. A. (2022). Stepped Care versus standard care for children after trauma: A randomized non-inferiority clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.12.013

Onyeka, O. "Cynthia," Spencer, S. D., Salloum, A., Jiannetto, K., & Storch, E. A. (2024). The role of family accommodation in child posttraumatic stress symptoms and functional impairment in the context of cognitive behavioral therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 346, 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.144

Salloum, A., Lu, Y., Ali, O., Chen, H., Salomon, K., Cohen, J. A., Scheeringa, M. S., Quast, T., & Storch, E. A. (2024). Exploring treatment response predictors of a parent-led therapist-assisted treatment for childhood trauma. Research on Social Work Practice, 34(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315221137880

Salloum, A., Boedeker, P., Morris, C., & Storch, E. A. (2025). Suicidal ideation, clinical worsening and outcomes among child participants in trauma-focused treatment. Research on Child & Adolescent Psychopathology, 53(5), 687-700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-024-01242-5

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible comparison condition (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.7)

Study 15835

Santarnecchi, E., Bossini, L., Vatti, G., Fagiolini, A., La Porta, P., Di Lorenzo, G., Siracusano, A., Rossi, S., & Rossi, A. (2019). Psychological and brain connectivity changes following Trauma-Focused CBT and EMDR treatment in single-episode PTSD patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00129

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15836

Schubert, C. F., Schmidt, U., Comtesse, H., Gall-Kleebach, D., & Rosner, R. (2019).Posttraumatic growth during cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Relationship to symptom change and introduction of significant other assessment. Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 35(5), 617-625. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2894

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15837

Sellnow, K., Sartin-Tarm, A., Ross, M. C., Weaver, S., & Cisler, J. M. (2020). Biotypes of functional brain engagement during emotion processing differentiate heterogeneity in internalizing symptoms and interpersonal violence histories among adolescent girls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 121, 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.002

Cisler, J. M., Sigel, B. A., Kramer, T. L., Smitherman, S., Vanderzee, K., Pemberton, J., & Kilts, C. D. (2015). Amygdala response predicts trajectory of symptom reduction during trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy among adolescent girls with PTSD. Journal of psychiatric research, 71, 33-40.

Cisler, J. M., Sigel, B. A., Steele, J. S., Smitherman, S., Vanderzee, K., Pemberton, J., ... & Kilts, C. D. (2016). Changes in functional connectivity of the amygdala during cognitive reappraisal predict symptom reduction during trauma-focused cognitive–behavioral therapy among adolescent girls with post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological medicine, 46(14), 3013-3023.

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15839

Stewart, R. E., Cardamone, N. C., Shen, L., Dallard, N., Comeau, C., Mandell, D. S., Bowen, J., & Rothbard, A. (2024). Effect of providing evidence-based mental health treatment on retention in care among Medicaid-enrolled youths. Psychiatric Services, 75(12), 1199-1205. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.20240066

This study is ineligible for review because it does not report program or service impacts on an eligible outcome (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.8)

Study 15840

Sumi, W. C., Woodbridge, M. W., Wei, X., Thornton, S. P., & Roundfield, K. D. (2021). Measuring the Impact of Trauma-Focused, Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy with Middle School Students. ERIC (Grantee Submission). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09452-8

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15841

Varese, F., Cartwright, K., Larkin, A., Sandys, M., Flinn, A., Newton, A., Lamonby, J., Samji, M., Holden, C., Bowe, S., Keane, D., Keen, N., Hardy, A., Malkin, D., Emsley, R., & Allsopp, K. (2025). The "Reducing Psychosis Risk by Targeting Trauma" trial: Protocol of a feasibility randomised controlled trial of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing Therapy for people with at-risk mental states. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 19(10), e70095. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.70095

Correction to "The 'Reducing Psychosis Risk by Targeting Trauma' Trial: Protocol of a Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing Therapy for People With At-Risk Mental States." (2025). Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 19(10), e70105. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.70105

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)

Study 15842

Wang, D. C., Aten, J. D., Boan, D., Jean-Charles, W., Griff, K. P., Valcin, V. C., Davis, E. B., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Van Tongeren, D. R., Abouezzeddine, T., Sklar, Q., & Wang, A. (2016). Culturally adapted spiritually oriented trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for child survivors of restavek. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 3(4), 224-236. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000101

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.9)

Study 15843

Konanur, S., Muller, R. T., Cinamon, J. S., Thornback, K., & Zorzella, P.M. (2015). Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a community-based program. Child Abuse & Neglect 50, 159-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.013

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Handbook Version 2.0, Section 4.1.5)