Methadone Maintenance Therapy

Target Population

This program is designed to treat individuals who have an opioid use disorder. Typically, individuals must be at least 18 years old to receive MMT. However, individuals under 18 may be eligible to receive MMT if they have already had two unsuccessful treatment attempts and they have parent/guardian consent.

Dosage

Due to differences in individual needs, the length of treatment can vary from person to person. However, most individuals receive methadone treatment once a day for at least one year. The program aims to reduce methadone dosage gradually until individuals stop participating in MMT. The frequency of counseling and social support services varies based on individual needs.

Location/Delivery Setting

Recommended Locations/Delivery Settings

Individuals receiving methadone must be monitored by trained clinicians in federally certified and licensed treatment programs. Individuals who have progressed further into treatment may be allowed to take methadone at home between visits. However, this option is only available if the clinician has determined that the individual is stable and can adhere to the prescribed dosage.

The location and delivery setting for counseling and social support services vary. These services may be delivered by the same entity that delivers methadone or by a different entity in a different setting.

Location/Delivery Settings Observed in the Research

• Hospital/Medical Center

Education, Certifications and Training

MMT can be delivered by substance abuse counselors, nurses, or physicians. These clinicians must have the appropriate licenses, certifications, training and experience for their role. SAMHSA DPT offers training courses, webinars, workshops, and reference publications to MMT clinicians.

Program or Service Documentation

Book/Manual/Available documentation used for review

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2015). Federal guidelines for opioid treatment programs (HHS Publication No. (SMA) PEP15-FEDGUIDEOTP).

Available languages

The Federal Guidelines for opioid treatment programs are available in English. SAMHSA offers language services in Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Tagalog, Russian, Arabic, Haitian Creole, French, Polish, Portuguese, Italian, German, Japanese, and Farsi.

Other supporting materials

Code of Federal Regulations

Opioid Treatment Program Certification

Center Certification Application Instructions

Note: The details on Dosage; Location; Education, Certifications, and Training; Other Supporting Materials; and For More Information sections above are provided to website users for informational purposes only. This information is not exhaustive and may be subject to change.

Results of Search and Review	Number of Studies Identified and Reviewed for Methadone Maintenance Therapy
Identified in Search	47
Eligible for Review	20
Rated High	1
Rated Moderate	1
Rated Low	18
Reviewed Only for Risk of Harm	0

Outcome	Effect Size and Implied Percentile Effect	N of Studies (Findings)	N of Participants	Summary of Findings
Adult well-being: Parent/caregiver substance use	0.44 17	1 (23)	66	Favorable: 6 No Effect: 17 Unfavorable: 0
Adult well-being: Family functioning	0.11 4	1 (1)	486	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 1 Unfavorable: 0

Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention group and a negative number favors the comparison group.

Outcome	Effect Size and Implied Percentile Effect	N of Studies (Findings)	N of Participants	Summary of Findings	Months after treatment when outcome measured
Adult well-being: Parent/caregiver substance use	0.44 17	1 (23)	66	Favorable: 6 No Effect: 17 Unfavorable: 0	-
Study 10358 - Standard Methadone Maintenance plus Treatment As Usual vs. Treatment As Usual (21-Day Methadone Detoxification) (Gruber, 2008)
Days of Heroin Use (1 Month Post-Entry)	1.10 * 36	-	65	-	0
Days of Cocaine Use (1 Month Post-Entry)	0.11 4	-	65	-	0
Days of Alcohol Use (1 Month Post-Entry)	-0.06 -2	-	65	-	0
Days of Heroin Use (2 Months Post-Entry)	1.37 * 41	-	62	-	0
Days of Cocaine Use (2 Months Post-Entry)	0.04 1	-	62	-	0
Days of Alcohol Use (2 Months Post-Entry)	0.03 1	-	62	-	0
Positive Urine Test for Opiates (1 Month Post-Entry)	0.46 17	-	66	-	0
Positive Urine Test for Opiates (2 Months Post-Entry)	1.15 37	-	63	-	0
Days of Heroin Use (3 Months Post-Entry)	1.21 * 38	-	58	-	0
Days of Cocaine Use (3 Months Post-Entry)	0.08 3	-	58	-	0
Days of Alcohol Use (3 Months Post-Entry)	-0.24 -9	-	58	-	0
Positive Urine Test for Opiates (3 Months Post-Entry)	0.67 24	-	59	-	0
Days of Heroin Use (4 Months Post-Entry)	1.17 * 37	-	53	-	0
Days of Cocaine Use (4 Months Post-Entry)	-0.05 -1	-	53	-	0
Days of Alcohol Use (4 Months Post-Entry)	-0.26 -10	-	53	-	0
Positive Urine Test for Opiates (4 Months Post-Entry)	0.53 20	-	54	-	0
Days of Heroin Use (5 Months Post-Entry)	1.04 * 35	-	51	-	0
Days of Cocaine Use (5 Months Post-Entry)	0.26 10	-	51	-	0
Days of Alcohol Use (5 Months Post-Entry)	-0.16 -6	-	51	-	0
Positive Urine Test for Opiates (5 Months Post-Entry)	0.39 15	-	52	-	0
Days of Heroin Use	1.34 * 40	-	47	-	0
Days of Cocaine Use	0.09 3	-	47	-	0
Days of Alcohol Use	-0.11 -4	-	47	-	0
Adult well-being: Family functioning	0.11 4	1 (1)	486	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 1 Unfavorable: 0	-
Study 10340 - MMT vs. Outpatient Counseling (Aiken, 1994)
Maintenance of Domestic Activities	0.11 4	-	486	-	0

*p <.05

Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention group and a negative number favors the comparison group. Effect sizes and implied percentile effects were calculated by the Prevention Services Clearinghouse as described in the Handbook of Standards and Procedures, Section 5.10.4 and may not align with effect sizes reported in individual publications.

Only publications with eligible contrasts that met design and execution standards are included in the individual study findings table.

Full citations for the studies shown in the table are available in the "Studies Reviewed" section.

The participant characteristics display is an initial version. We encourage those interested in providing feedback to send suggestions to preventionservices@abtglobal.com.

The table below displays locations, the year, and participant demographics for studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Participant characteristics for studies with more than one intervention versus comparison group pair that received moderate or high ratings are shown separately in the table. Please note, the information presented here uses terminology directly from the study documents, when available. Studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution that did not include relevant participant demographic information would not be represented in this table.

For more information on how Clearinghouse reviewers record the information in the table, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.

Characteristics of the Participants in the Studies with Moderate or High Ratings
Study Location	Study Year	Age or Grade-level	Race, Ethnicity, Nationality	Gender	Populations of Interest*	Household Socioeconomic Status
Study 10358 - Standard Methadone Maintenance plus Treatment As Usual vs. Treatment As Usual (21-Day Methadone Detoxification)
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
San Francisco, CA, USA	1995	Average age: 42 years	42% White 28% African American 20% Latino 4% Native American 4% Asian/Pacific Islander	64% Male 36% Female	DSM-III-R diagnosis: 100% Opioid dependence, 45% Cocaine dependence/abuse, 34% Current major depression, 20% Alcohol abuse, 12% Alcohol dependence; Average years of heroin use: 19 years	$1,727 Average income per month
Study 10340 - MMT vs. Outpatient Counseling
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
East Coast, USA	--	Average age: 28 years	61% Black	75% Male	100% Addicted drug users who used heroin or other drugs at least weekly	85% Unemployed

“--” indicates information not reported in the study.

* The information about disabilities is based on initial coding. For more information on how the Clearinghouse recorded disability information for the initial release, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings. The Clearinghouse is currently seeking consultation from experts, including those with lived experience, and input from the public to enhance and improve the display.

Note: Citations for the documents associated with each 5-digit study number shown in the table can be found in the “Studies Reviewed” section below. Study settings and participant demographics are recorded for all studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Studies that did not report any information about setting or participant demographics are not displayed. For more information on how participant characteristics are recorded, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.

Sometimes study results are reported in more than one document, or a single document reports results from multiple studies. Studies are identified below by their Prevention Services Clearinghouse study identification numbers. To receive a rating of supported or well-supported, the favorable evidence for a program or service must have been obtained from research conducted in a usual care or practice setting.

Studies Rated High

Study 10358

Gruber, V. A., Delucchi, K. L., Kielstein, A., & Batki, S. L. (2008). A randomized trial of 6-month methadone maintenance with standard or minimal counseling versus 21-day methadone detoxification. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 94(1-3), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.021

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Section 6.2.2)

Studies Rated Moderate

Study 10340

Aiken, L. S., Stein, J. A., & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Structural equation analyses of clinical subpopulation differences and comparative treatment outcomes: Characterizing the daily lives of drug addicts. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 488-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.62.3.488

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Section 6.2.2)

Studies Rated Low

Study 10370

Meyer, T., Kapkov, D., Lipp, M. J., Bodenheimer Jr, H. C., Siegel, J. H., & Min, A. D. (2009). Bile duct dilatation in patients with chronic viral hepatitis on maintenance methadone therapy. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(9), 641-644.

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.
Study 10351

Clark, C. B., Hendricks, P. S., Lane, P. S., Trent, L., & Cropsey, K. L. (2014). Methadone maintenance treatment may improve completion rates and delay opioid relapse for opioid dependent individuals under community corrections supervision. Addictive Behaviors, 39(12), 1736-1740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.011

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.
Study 10369

Metzger, D. S., Woody, G. E., McLellan, A. T., O'brien, C. P., Druley, P., Navaline, H., ... & Abrutyn, E. (1993). Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among intravenous drug users in-and out-of-treatment: An 18-month prospective follow-up. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 6, 1049-1056.

Watkins, K. E., David Metzger, B. A., Woody, G., & McLellan, A. T. (1992). High-risk sexual behaviors of intravenous drug users in-and out-of-treatment: implications for the spread of HIV infection. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 18(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999209051037

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10368

Meandzija, B., O'Connor, P. G., Fitzgerald, B., Rounsaville, B. J., & Kosten, T. R. (1994). HIV infection and cocaine use in methadone maintained and untreated intravenous drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 36(2), 109-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(94)90092-2

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10386

Stein, M. D., & Anderson, B. (2003). Injection frequency mediates health service use among persons with a history of drug injection. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 70(2), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00344-7

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10371

Moore, B. C., Easton, C. J., & McMahon, T. J. (2011). Drug abuse and intimate partner violence: A comparative study of opioid-dependent fathers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(2), 218-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01091.x

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10362

Jones, H. E., O'grady, K. E., Malfi, D., & Tuten, M. (2008). Methadone maintenance vs. methadone taper during pregnancy: Maternal and neonatal outcomes. The American Journal on Addictions, 17(5), 372-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550490802266276

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10348

Campbell, B. K., Le, T., Tajima, B., & Guydish, J. (2017). Quitting smoking during substance use disorders treatment: Patient and treatment-related variables. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 73, 40-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2016.11.002

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.
Study 10361

Hser, Y. I., Anglin, M. D., & Fletcher, B. (1998). Comparative treatment effectiveness: Effects of program modality and client drug dependence history on drug use reduction. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(6), 513-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(97)00308-5

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10390

Zhang, Z., Friedmann, P. D., & Gerstein, D. R. (2003). Does retention matter? Treatment duration and improvement in drug use. Addiction, 98(5), 673-684. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00354.x

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.
Study 10383

Shah, N. G., Galai, N., Celentano, D. D., Vlahov, D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2006). Longitudinal predictors of injection cessation and subsequent relapse among a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, MD, 1988–2000. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.007

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10360

Harlow, S. D., Cohen, M., Ohmit, S. E., Schuman, P., Cu-Uvin, S., Lin, X., ... & Young, M. A. (2003). Substance use and psychotherapeutic medications: a likely contributor to menstrual disorders in women who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188(4), 881-886. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.209

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.
Study 10378

Prosser, J. M., Eisenberg, D., Davey, E. E., Steinfeld, M., Cohen, L. J., London, E. D., & Galynker, I. I. (2008). Character pathology and neuropsychological test performance in remitted opiate dependence. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 3(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-3-23

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10373

Nolan, L. J., & Scagnelli, L. M. (2007). Preference for sweet foods and higher body mass index in patients being treated in long-term methadone maintenance. Substance Use & Misuse, 42(10), 1555-1566. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080701517727

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10364

Lollis, C. M., Strothers, H. S., Chitwood, D. D., & McGhee, M. (2000). Sex, drugs, and HIV: does methadone maintenance reduce drug use and risky sexual behavior?. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23(6), 545-557. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005555519831

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.
Study 10365

Majer, J. M., Harris, J. C., & Jason, L. A. (2017). An examination of women ex-offenders with methadone histories. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(6), 711-723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X15600834

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.
Study 10344

Sorensen, J. L., Masson, C. L., Delucchi, K., Sporer, K., Barnett, P. G., Mitsuishi, F., ... & Hall, S. M. (2005). Randomized trial of drug abuse treatment-linkage strategies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1026-1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1026

Barnett, P. G., Masson, C. L., Sorensen, J. L., Wong, W., & Hall, S. (2006). Linking opioid‐dependent hospital patients to drug treatment: health care use and costs 6 months after randomization. Addiction, 101(12), 1797-1804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01636.x

This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.
Study 10355

Evans, E., Li, L., Min, J., Huang, D., Urada, D., Liu, L., ... & Nosyk, B. (2015). Mortality among individuals accessing pharmacological treatment for opioid dependence in California, 2006–10. Addiction, 110(6), 996-1005. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12863

Nosyk, B., Li, L., Evans, E., Urada, D., Huang, D., Wood, E., ... & Hser, Y. I. (2014). Utilization and outcomes of detoxification and maintenance treatment for opioid dependence in publicly-funded facilities in California, USA: 1991–2012. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 149-157.

This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.

Studies Not Eligible for Review

Study 10341

Anglin, M. D., & Powers, K. I. (1991). Methadone treatment and legal supervision: Individual and joint effects on the behavior of narcotics addicts. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(4), 515-531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886391274009

Anglin, M. D., McGlothlin, W. H., Speckart, G. R., & Ryan, T. M. (1982). Shutting off methadone: The closure of the San Deigo Methadone Maintenance Program. Final Report, NIDA grant DA02577.

McGlothlin, W. H., & Anglin, M. D. (1981). Long-term Follow-up of Clients of High-and Low-Dose Methadone Programs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38(9), 1055-1063.

This study is ineligible for review because the publication date is prior to 1990 (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.1).                   

Study 10342

Baker, A., Kochan, N., Dixon, J., Wodak, A., & Heather, N. (1994). Drug use and HIV risktaking behaviour among injecting drug users not currently in treatment in Sydney, Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 34, 155-160.

Baker, A., Kochan, N., Dixon, J., Wodak, A., & Heather, N. (1995). HIV risk‐taking behaviour among injecting drug users currently, previously and never enrolled in methadone treatment. Addiction, 90(4), 545-554. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.9045458.x

Darke, S., Baker, A., Dixon, J., Wodak, A., & Heather, N. (1992). Drug use and HIV risk-taking behaviour among clients in methadone maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 29, 263-268.

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).                   

Study 10343

Baker, A., Heather, N., Wodak, A., & Lewin, T. (2001). Heroin use and risk-taking behaviour among women injecting drug users. Drug and Alcohol Review, 20(2), 205-211.

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).                   

Study 10345

Bravo, M. J., Llorens, N., Barrio, G., Brugal, M. T., Santos, S., Sordo, L., ... & Itinere Project Group. (2010). Methadone maintenance treatment: a protective factor for cocaine injection in a street-recruited cohort of heroin users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 112(1-2), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.014

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).                   

Study 10346

Britton, B. M. (1994). The privatization of methadone maintenance: Changes in risk behavior associated with cost related detoxification. Addiction Research, 2(2), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359409109141

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).                   

Study 10347

Calsyn, D. A., Crits‐Christoph, P., Hatch‐Maillette, M. A., Doyle, S. R., Song, Y. S., Coyer, S., & Pelta, S. (2010). Reducing sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol for patients in substance abuse treatment. Addiction, 105(1), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02812.x

Newville, H., Sorensen, J. L., Hatch-Maillette, M., & Calsyn, D. A. (2018). Temporal Relationship of Sex Risk Behaviors and Substance Use Severity Among Men in Substance Use Treatment. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(8), 1056-1064. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1321101

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).      

Study 10349

Caplehorn, J. R., & Saunders, J. B. (1993). A comparison of residential heroin detoxification patients and methadone maintenance patients. Drug and Alcohol Review, 12(3), 259-263.

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10350

Caplehom, J. R. (1994). A comparison of abstinence-oriented and indefinite methadone maintenance treatment. International Journal of the Addictions, 29(11), 1361-1375. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826089409048714

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10352

Cumberbatch, Z., Copersino, M., Stitzer, M., & Jones, H. (2004). Comparative drug use and psychosocial profiles of opioid dependents applying for medication versus medication‐free treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-120037376

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).                   

Study 10353

Deren, S., Kang, S. Y., Colón, H. M., & Robles, R. R. (2007). Predictors of injection drug use cessation among Puerto Rican drug injectors in New York and Puerto Rico. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 33(2), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990601175037

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10354

Dolsen, M. R., & Harvey, A. G. (2017). Life‐time history of insomnia and hypersomnia symptoms as correlates of alcohol, cocaine and heroin use and relapse among adults seeking substance use treatment in the United States from 1991 to 1994. Addiction, 112(6), 1104-1111. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13772

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).

Study 10356

Golden, J., O'Dwyer, A. M., & Conroy, R. M. (2005). Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis C: Prevalence, detection rates and risk factors. General Hospital Psychiatry, 27(6), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.06.006

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10357

Gossop, M., Marsden, J., & Stewart, D. (2006). Remission of psychiatric symptoms among drug misusers after drug dependence treatment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(11), 826-832. doi: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000244483.17443.0e

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6). 

Study 10359

Haber, P. S., Elsayed, M., Espinoza, D., Lintzeris, N., Veillard, A. S., & Hallinan, R. (2017). Constipation and other common symptoms reported by women and men in methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 132-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.024

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10363

Kyei-Aboagye, K., Vragovic, O., & Chong, D. (2000). Birth outcome in incarcerated, high-risk pregnant women. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 55(11), 682-684.

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10367

McCabe, B. E., Santisteban, D. A., Mena, M. P., Duchene, D. M., McLean, C., & Monroe, M. (2013). Engagement, retention, and abstinence for three types of opioid users in Florida. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(8), 623-634. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2013.800112

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).

Study 10374

Oliveira, J., Lopes, P., Gamito, P., Trigo, H., Sargento, P., Rosa, B., & Coutinho, R. (2016). Neuropsychological status of heroin users undergoing methadone maintenance in harm reduction program and therapeutic community. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(2), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9576-8

This study is ineligible for review because it does not report program or service impacts on an eligible target outcome (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.5).

Study 10375

O’Toole, J., Hambly, R., Cox, A. M., O’Shea, B., & Darker, C. (2014). Methadone-maintained patients in primary care have higher rates of chronic disease and multimorbidity, and use health services more intensively than matched controls. The European Journal of General Practice, 20(4), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.3109/13814788.2014.905912

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10376

Peirce J. M., Petry, N. M., Stitzer, M. L., Blaine, J., Kellogg, S., … & Li, R. (2006). Effects of lower-cost incentives on stimulant abstinence in methadone maintenance treatment: A National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 201–208.

Peirce, J. M., Petry, N. M., Roll, J. M., Kolodner, K., Krasnansky, J., Stabile, P. Q., ... & Stitzer, M. L. (2009). Correlates of stimulant treatment outcome across treatment modalities. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35(1), 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990802455444

Petry, N. M., Peirce, J. M., Stitzer, M. L., Blaine, J., Roll, J. M., Cohen, A., ... & Kirby, K. C. (2005). Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(10), 1148-1156.

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).

Study 10377

Persico, A. M., Di Giannantonio, M., & Tempesta, E. (1991). A prospective assessment of opiate addiction treatment protocols for inpatients with HIV-related syndromes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 27(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(91)90090-L

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6). 

Study 10379

Richardson, L., Wood, E., Montaner, J., & Kerr, T. (2012). Addiction treatment-related employment barriers: The impact of methadone maintenance. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 43(3), 276-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2011.12.008

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10380

Sambamoorthi, U., Warner, L. A., Crystal, S., & Walkup, J. (2000). Drug abuse, methadone treatment, and health services use among injection drug users with AIDS. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 60(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(00)80010-1

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).

Study 10381

San, L., Torrens, M., Tato, J., Castillo, C., de la Torre, R., & Arranz, B. (1998). Monitoring patterns of substance use in drug-dependent patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 15(5), 425-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(97)00289-4

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10382

Masson, C. L., Barnett, P. G., Sees, K. L., Delucchi, K. L., Rosen, A., Wong, W., & Hall, S. M. (2004). Cost and cost‐effectiveness of standard methadone maintenance treatment compared to enriched 180‐day methadone detoxification. Addiction, 99(6), 718-726. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00728.x

Sees, K. L., Delucchi, K. L., Masson, C., Rosen, A., Clark, H. W., Robillard, H., ... & Hall, S. M. (2000). Methadone maintenance vs 180-day psychosocially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 283(10), 1303-1310. doi:10.1001/jama.283.10.1303

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).

Study 10384

Somer, E., Altus, L., & Ginzburg, K. (2010). Dissociative psychopathology among opioid use disorder patients: Exploring the “chemical dissociation” hypothesis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(4), 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.09.007

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10387

Turner, B. J., Laine, C., Yang, C. P., & Hauck, W. W. (2003). Effects of long-term, medically supervised, drug-free treatment and methadone maintenance treatment on drug users' emergency department use and hospitalization. Clinical infectious diseases, 37(Supplement 5), S457-S463. https://doi.org/10.1086/377558

This study is ineligible for review because it does not report program or service impacts on an eligible target outcome (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.5).

Study 10388

Van der Poel, A., Barendregt, C., & Van de Mheen, D. (2006). Drug users' participation in addiction care: Different groups do different things. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38(2), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2006.10399836

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).