Triple P – Positive Parenting Program – Online (Level 4)

Target Population

Triple P-Online serves families with children (up to 12 years) with significant social, emotional or behavioral problems. It also serves families who wish to prevent such problems.  

Dosage

Triple P-Online includes eight 60-minute modules. Triple P-Online access codes stay active for 12 months. This allows parents to complete the program at their own pace, with a recommended completion rate of 1 module per week.

Location/Delivery Setting

Recommended Locations/Delivery Settings

Parents can access Triple P-Online using devices such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone connected to the internet.

Location/Delivery Settings Observed in the Research

• Home
• Online

Education, Certifications and Training

Triple P-Online is a stand-alone web-based intervention and is not delivered by a practitioner.

Program or Service Documentation

Book/Manual/Available documentation used for review

Turner, K. M. T., & Sanders, M. R. (2013). Triple P Online. Triple P International Pty Ltd.

Available languages

Triple P-Online is available in English, Spanish, German, Dutch Flemish, French, and Arabic.

Other supporting materials

Program Overview

For More Information

Website: https://www.triplep.net/glo-en/home/

Phone: 803-451-2278

Email: contact.us@triplep.net

Note: The details on Dosage; Location; Education, Certifications, and Training; Other Supporting Materials; and For More Information sections above are provided to website users for informational purposes only. This information is not exhaustive and may be subject to change.

Results of Search and Review	Number of Studies Identified and Reviewed for Triple P – Positive Parenting Program – Online (Level 4)
Identified in Search	23
Eligible for Review	4
Rated High	1
Rated Moderate	1
Rated Low	2
Reviewed Only for Risk of Harm	0

Outcome	Effect Size and Implied Percentile Effect	N of Studies (Findings)	N of Participants	Summary of Findings
Child well-being: Behavioral and emotional functioning	0.38 14	1 (7)	46	Favorable: 1 No Effect: 6 Unfavorable: 0
Child well-being: Social functioning	0.31 12	1 (3)	46	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 3 Unfavorable: 0
Adult well-being: Positive parenting practices	0.58 21	2 (9)	90	Favorable: 4 No Effect: 5 Unfavorable: 0
Adult well-being: Parent/caregiver mental or emotional health	0.73 26	1 (6)	46	Favorable: 5 No Effect: 1 Unfavorable: 0
Adult well-being: Family functioning	0.34 13	1 (3)	44	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 3 Unfavorable: 0

Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention group and a negative number favors the comparison group.

Outcome	Effect Size and Implied Percentile Effect	N of Studies (Findings)	N of Participants	Summary of Findings	Months after treatment when outcome measured
Child well-being: Behavioral and emotional functioning	0.38 14	1 (7)	46	Favorable: 1 No Effect: 6 Unfavorable: 0	-
Study 11294 - Triple P-Positive Parenting Program online vs. Delayed intervention control (Franke, 2020 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting)
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Hyperactivity/Inattention (Parent Report)	0.61 * 22	-	46	-	0
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Hyperactivity/Inattention (Parent Report)	0.25 9	-	41	-	6
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Restlessness/Impulsivity (Parent Report)	0.53 20	-	46	-	0
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Restlessness/Impulsivity (Parent Report)	0.27 10	-	41	-	6
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales, Short Form: Hyperactivity/Inattention (Parent Report)	0.38 14	-	35	-	0
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Defiance/Aggression (Parent Report)	0.47 18	-	46	-	0
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Defiance/Aggression (Parent Report)	0.12 4	-	41	-	6
Child well-being: Social functioning	0.31 12	1 (3)	46	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 3 Unfavorable: 0	-
Study 11294 - Triple P-Positive Parenting Program online vs. Delayed intervention control (Franke, 2020 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting)
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Social Functioning (Parent Report)	0.57 21	-	46	-	0
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales: Social Functioning (Parent Report)	0.24 9	-	41	-	6
Conners Early Childhood Behavior Scales, Short Form: Social Functioning (Parent Report)	0.11 4	-	35	-	0
Adult well-being: Positive parenting practices	0.58 21	2 (9)	90	Favorable: 4 No Effect: 5 Unfavorable: 0	-
Study 10750 - Triple-P online (TPOL) vs. Waitlist control (Ehrensaft, 2016)
Parenting Scale: Overreactivity	0.47 18	-	44	-	0
Study 11294 - Triple P-Positive Parenting Program online vs. Delayed intervention control (Franke, 2020 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting)
Parenting Scale: Overreactivity (Parent Report)	1.72 * 45	-	46	-	0
Parenting Scale: Overreactivity (Parent Report)	0.48 18	-	41	-	6
Parenting Scale: Verbosity (Parent Report)	0.78 * 28	-	46	-	0
Parenting Scale: Verbosity (Parent Report)	0.47 18	-	41	-	6
Parenting Scale: Laxness (Parent Report)	0.76 * 27	-	46	-	0
Parenting Scale: Laxness (Parent Report)	0.29 11	-	41	-	6
Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire: Authoritative Parenting (Parent Report)	0.71 * 25	-	46	-	0
Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire: Authoritative Parenting (Parent Report)	0.30 11	-	41	-	6
Adult well-being: Parent/caregiver mental or emotional health	0.73 26	1 (6)	46	Favorable: 5 No Effect: 1 Unfavorable: 0	-
Study 11294 - Triple P-Positive Parenting Program online vs. Delayed intervention control (Franke, 2020 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting)
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Anxiety	0.23 9	-	46	-	0
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Anxiety	0.84 * 29	-	41	-	6
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Stress	0.86 * 30	-	46	-	0
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Stress	1.08 * 36	-	41	-	6
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Depression	0.66 * 24	-	46	-	0
Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Depression	0.73 * 26	-	41	-	6
Adult well-being: Family functioning	0.34 13	1 (3)	44	Favorable: 0 No Effect: 3 Unfavorable: 0	-
Study 10750 - Triple-P online (TPOL) vs. Waitlist control (Ehrensaft, 2016)
Parenting Stress Index-Short Form: Total Score	0.49 18	-	44	-	0
Parenting Stress Index-Short Form: Parental Distress	0.32 12	-	44	-	0
Parenting Stress Index-Short Form: Difficult Child	0.21 8	-	44	-	0

*p <.05

Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention group and a negative number favors the comparison group. Effect sizes and implied percentile effects were calculated by the Prevention Services Clearinghouse as described in the Handbook of Standards and Procedures, Section 5.10.4 and may not align with effect sizes reported in individual publications.

Only publications with eligible contrasts that met design and execution standards are included in the individual study findings table.

Full citations for the studies shown in the table are available in the "Studies Reviewed" section.

The participant characteristics display is an initial version. We encourage those interested in providing feedback to send suggestions to preventionservices@abtglobal.com.

The table below displays locations, the year, and participant demographics for studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Participant characteristics for studies with more than one intervention versus comparison group pair that received moderate or high ratings are shown separately in the table. Please note, the information presented here uses terminology directly from the study documents, when available. Studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution that did not include relevant participant demographic information would not be represented in this table.

For more information on how Clearinghouse reviewers record the information in the table, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.

Characteristics of the Participants in the Studies with Moderate or High Ratings
Study Location	Study Year	Age or Grade-level	Race, Ethnicity, Nationality	Gender	Populations of Interest*	Household Socioeconomic Status
Study 11294 - Triple P-Positive Parenting Program online vs. Delayed intervention control
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
New Zealand	2013	Average age: 4 years; Age range: 3-4 years	79% New Zealand European	72% Male	--	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
New Zealand	2013	Average age of mothers: 35 years; Average age of fathers: 39 years	--	--	--	--
Study 10750 - Triple-P online (TPOL) vs. Waitlist control
Characteristics of the Children and Youth
New York City, NY, USA	--	Age range: 2-6 years	--	--	--	--
Characteristics of the Adults, Parents, or Caregivers
New York City, NY, USA	--	Average age: 24 years	--	--	--	55% Employed (PT or FT)

“--” indicates information not reported in the study.

* The information about disabilities is based on initial coding. For more information on how the Clearinghouse recorded disability information for the initial release, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings. The Clearinghouse is currently seeking consultation from experts, including those with lived experience, and input from the public to enhance and improve the display.

Note: Citations for the documents associated with each 5-digit study number shown in the table can be found in the “Studies Reviewed” section below. Study settings and participant demographics are recorded for all studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Studies that did not report any information about setting or participant demographics are not displayed. For more information on how participant characteristics are recorded, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.

Sometimes study results are reported in more than one document, or a single document reports results from multiple studies. Studies are identified below by their Prevention Services Clearinghouse study identification numbers. To receive a rating of supported or well-supported, the favorable evidence for a program or service must have been obtained from research conducted in a usual care or practice setting.

Studies Rated High

Study 11294

Franke, N., Keown, L. J., & Sanders, M. (2020). An RCT of an online parenting program for parents of preschool-aged children with ADHD symptoms. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(12), 1716-1726. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716667598

This study was not conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Section 6.2.2)

Studies Rated Moderate

Study 10750

Ehrensaft, M. K., Knous-Westfall, H. M., & Alonso, T. L. (2016). Web-based prevention of parenting difficulties in young, urban mothers enrolled in post-secondary education. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 37(6), 527-542. doi:10.1007/s10935-016-0448-1

This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Section 6.2.2)

Studies Rated Low

Study 10746

Sanders, M. R., Baker, S., & Turner, K. M. T. (2012). A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of Triple P Online with parents of children with early-onset conduct problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(11), 675-684. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.07.004

This study received a low rating because the standards for addressing missing data were not met.
Study 10747

Day, J. J., & Sanders, M. R. (2017). Mediators of parenting change within a web-based parenting program: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial of Triple P Online. Couple and Family Psychology, 6(3), 154-170. doi:10.1037/cfp0000083

Day, J. J., & Sanders, M. R. (2018). Do parents benefit from help when completing a self-guided parenting program online? A randomized controlled trial comparing Triple P Online with and without telephone support. Behavior Therapy, 49(6), 1020-1038. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.03.002

This study received a low rating because the standards for addressing missing data were not met.

Studies Not Eligible for Review

Study 10741

Baker, S., & Sanders, M. R. (2017). Predictors of program use and child and parent outcomes of a brief online parenting intervention. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48(5), 807-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-016-0706-8

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10744

Dahinten, V. S., Arim, R. G., Guèvremont, A., & Kohen, D. E. (2014). The case for using administrative data to examine a population-based parenting intervention. International Journal of Child Health and Human Development, 7(2), 115-124.

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10745

David, O. A. (2014). The Rational Positive Parenting program for child externalizing behavior: Mechanisms of change analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 14(1), 21-38.

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10748

Doyle, O., Hegarty, M., & Owens, C. (2018). Population-based system of parenting support to reduce the prevalence of child social, emotional, and behavioural problems: Difference-in-differences study. Prevention Science, 19(6), 772-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0907-4

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10749

Duncombe, M. E., Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., Holland, K. A., Frankling, E. J., & Stargatt, R. (2016). Comparing an emotion- and a behavior-focused parenting program as part of a multsystemic intervention for child conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 320-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.963855

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10758

Jalali, M., Pourahmadi, E., Tahmassian, K., & Shaeiri, M. (2008). The effectiveness of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program on psychological well being of mothers of children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Journal of Family Research, 4(4), 353-368.

This study is ineligible for review because it is not available in English (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.3).

Study 10759

Jones, S., Calam, R., Sanders, M., Diggle, P. J., Dempsey, R., & Sadhnani, V. (2014). A pilot web based positive parenting intervention to help bipolar parents to improve perceived parenting skills and child outcomes. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(3), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246581300009X

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10765

Lundin, M., & Karlsson, M. (2014). Estimation of causal effects in observational studies with interference between units. Statistical Methods and Applications, 23(3), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-014-0257-8

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).

Study 10772

Morawska, A., Mitchell, A. E., Burgess, S., & Fraser, J. (2016). Effects of Triple P parenting intervention on child health outcomes for childhood asthma and eczema: Randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 83, 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.06.001

Morawska, A., Mitchell, A., Burgess, S., & Fraser, J. (2017). Randomized controlled trial of Triple P for parents of children with asthma or eczema: Effects on parenting and child behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(4), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000177

Morawska, A., Mitchell, A. E., Burgess, S., & Fraser, J. (2017). 'Effects of Triple P parenting intervention on child health outcomes for childhood asthma and eczema: Randomised controlled trial': Corrigendum. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.017

Morawska, A., Mitchell, A. E., Burgess, S., & Fraser, J. (2017). Fathers' perceptions of change following parenting intervention: Randomized controlled trial of Triple P for parents of children with asthma or eczema. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 42(7), 792-803. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsw106

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10774

Pickering, J. A., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). The protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a brief intervention for parents of children experiencing sibling conflict. Clinical Psychologist, 20(2), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12051

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10777

Turner, K. M., Richards, M., & Sanders, M. R. (2007). Randomised clinical trial of a group parent education programme for Australian Indigenous families. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 43(6), 429-437. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00077.x-i1

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10778

Schilling, S., Lanier, P., Rose, R. A., Shanahan, M., & Zolotor, A. J. (2019). A quasi-experimental effectiveness study of Triple P on child maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 35(4), 373-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-019-00043-5

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 10785

Zamani, R., Gahari, S., & Pourrahhimi, M. (2017). Effect of teaching positive parenting program to mothers on reducing behavioral problems in children with oppositional defiant disorder. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 208-213.

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible publication source (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.2).

Study 11297

Baker, S., Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M. T., & Morawska, A. (2017). A randomized controlled trial evaluating a low-intensity interactive online parenting intervention, Triple P Online Brief, with parents of children with early onset conduct problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 97, 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.016

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 11298

Dittman, C. K., Farruggia, S. P., Palmer, M. L., Sanders, M. R., & Keown, L. J. (2014). Predicting success in an online parenting intervention: The role of child, parent, and family factors. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(2), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035991

Sanders, M. R., Dittman, C. K., Farruggia, S. P., & Keown, L. J. (2014). A comparison of online versus workbook delivery of a self-help positive parenting program. Journal of Primary Prevention 35(3), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0339-2

This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).

Study 11299

Hinton, S., Sheffield, J., Sanders, M. R., & Sofronoff, K. (2017). A randomized controlled trial of a telehealth parenting intervention: A mixed-disability trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 65, 74-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.04.005

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 11300

Jones, S., Jovanoska, J., Calam, R., Wainwright, L., Vincent, H., Asar, O., Diggle, P. J., Parker, R., Long, R., Sanders, M., & Lobban, F. (2017). Web-based integrated bipolar parenting intervention for parents with bipolar disorder: A randomised controlled pilot trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(9), 1033-1041. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12745

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 11301

Love, S., Sanders, M., Turner, K., Maurange, M., Knott, T., Prinz, R., Metzler, C., & Ainsworth, A. (2016). Social media and gamification: Engaging vulnerable parents in an online evidence-based parenting program. Child Abuse and Neglect, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.031

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).

Study 11302

Sadhnani, V. (2014). A pilot web based positive parenting intervention to help bipolar parents to improve perceived parenting skills and child outcomes. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42(3), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246581300009X

This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).