Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents
Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents (TFCO-A), formerly known as Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care – Adolescents, is designed for youth ages 12–17 with severe emotional and behavioral problems. TFCO-A aims to support youth to live in a family setting during treatment, rather than in group or institutional settings, and to support parents and caregivers to provide effective parenting. TFCO-A focuses on five key areas: (1) increasing prosocial behaviors, decreasing negative behaviors, and supporting school engagement; (2) providing close supervision and limiting access to peers who lack effective social skills; (3) providing a consistent and reinforcing environment with a daily structure, clear expectations, and consequences; (4) developing youth’s skills for forming positive relationships; and (5) enhancing parenting skills and decreasing conflict in the family.
TFCO-A places youth in a therapeutic foster family. A treatment team supports each youth. The team includes a program case manager who is the team lead; foster parents; a youth therapist; a family therapist; a skills coach; and a person that calls the foster parents for a daily report. Treatment team members provide daily and weekly monitoring and support to the youth, the foster parents, and the youth’s parents or caregivers.
TFCO-A uses a structured and individualized daily behavior management system. To provide the youth with positive reinforcement, the foster family implements a points-based three-level behavioral system. Youth earn points for normative and prosocial behavior and lose points and privileges for negative behavior. As youth accumulate points and move to the next level, they are afforded more freedom from adult supervision and given additional privileges, such as an allowance. Therapists and skills coaches implement weekly individual therapy and coaching tailored to the youth’s specific developmental needs, which aim to augment and reinforce progress made in the foster home.
The family therapist meets weekly with the parents or caregivers to whom the youth is expected to return after the foster care placement. Family therapy teaches parents and caregivers positive parenting practices, including how to monitor and manage the child's behavior, problem solve, communicate effectively, and de-escalate conflict. The treatement team coordinates at least twice-monthly home visits once the youth passes the first level of the behavioral system. During these visits youth and parents or caregivers practice new skills. Visit length increases as the skills of the parents or caregivers increase. After the youth returns to their parents or caregivers, the family therapist provides aftercare support, in which they maintain contact with the family for at least three months.
TFCO-A is rated as a promising practice because at least one study achieved a rating of moderate or high on study design and execution and demonstrated a favorable effect on a target outcome. Though at least one study achieved a rating of moderate or high on design and execution and demonstrated a sustained favorable effect of at least 6 months beyond the end of treatment on at least one target outcome, this study was not carried out in a usual care or practice setting. To receive a rating of supported or well-supported, the favorable evidence for a program or service must have been obtained from research conducted in a usual care or practice setting.
Date Research Evidence Last Reviewed: Jul 2023
Sources
The following sources informed the program or service description, target population, and program or service delivery and implementation information: the program or service manual, the program or service developer’s website, and the studies reviewed.
This information does not necessarily represent the views of the program or service developers. For more information on how this program or service was reviewed, visit the download the Handbook of Standards and Procedures, Version 1.0
Target Population
TFCO-A is designed for youth ages 12–17 with severe emotional and behavioral problems.
Dosage
A treatment team delivers TFCO-A to youth and families for 6–12 months with at least 3 months of aftercare support. Therapists meet with youth weekly for individual therapy sessions. Skills coaches meet with youth for approximately 2 hours per week. Family therapists meet with parents or caregivers weekly. The treatment team initiates at least twice-monthly home visits once the youth enters the second level of the behavior system, typically after about a month. Parent daily report callers place daily calls to the foster parents.
Location/Delivery Setting
Recommended Locations/Delivery Settings
The treatment team delivers TFCO-A in-person in the foster home, in the community, and in the home of the parents or caregivers.
Location/Delivery Settings Observed in the Research
- Home
- School
Education, Certifications and Training
A treatment team delivers TFCO-A. The TFCO-A team consists of a team lead, who also serves as the program case manager; trained foster parents; a youth therapist; a family therapist; a skills coach; and a parent daily report caller. In addition to the treatment professionals, the team includes a foster parent recruiter and a foster parent trainer who finds and trains foster parents to implement TFCO-A. The parent daily report caller, recruiter, and trainer roles are often combined.
TFCO-A foster parents must be state-licensed foster parents. To be considered for TFCO-A, foster parents complete a written application and a 1-hour home visit. TFCO-A foster parents also complete 20 hours of pre-service training on the daily behavior management system and how to support the youth. Prior to a placement, foster parents must sign a written agreement to provide TFCO-A services.
Among clinical program staff, the team lead must have at least a bachelor’s degree in social work, behavioral science, or a related field and one year of experience treating children or young adults. A master’s degree is preferred. Youth and family therapists must meet any required state certification or licensing criteria and have relevant clinical experience with youth and families. Skills coaches must meet any required state certification or licensing criteria and be familiar with behavior management principles. Staff in the parent daily report caller or foster parent recruiter roles must have experience with the foster system and at least 1–2 years of office or administrative experience.
All staff complete an initial clinical training, though duration varies by role. Team leads must complete 5 days of training, therapists complete 4 days of training, and recruiter/trainer/parent daily report callers complete 3 days of training. Initial training is typically in-person, though virtual trainings may be available under limited circumstances. Team leads conduct weekly supervision meetings and provide ongoing training for the treatment team.
Programs must be certified or receive clinical supervision from TFC Consultants, Inc. The certification application process involves a thorough evaluation and a fee. As part of this process, team leads have weekly consultation calls with a TFCO consultant.
Program or Service Documentation
Book/Manual/Available documentation used for review
The following seven resources are used to implement TFCO-A:
Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents. (2015). Team lead manual. TFC Consultants, Inc.
Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents. (2015). The behavior plan. TFC Consultants, Inc.
Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents. (2015). Family therapy manual. TFC Consultants, Inc.
Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents. (2015). Individual therapy manual. TFC Consultants, Inc.
Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents. (2015). Skills coach manual. TFC Consultants, Inc.
Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents. (2015). Foster parent recruitment manual. TFC Consultants, Inc.
Treatment Foster Care Oregon. (2021). Implementation guidebook. TFC Consultants, Inc.
Available languages
TFCO-A materials are available in English.
Other supporting materials
For More Information
Website: https://www.tfcoregon.com/
Phone: (541) 343-2388
Contact form: https://www.tfcoregon.com/contact-us
Note: The details on Dosage; Location; Education, Certifications, and Training; Other Supporting Materials; and For More Information sections above are provided to website users for informational purposes only. This information is not exhaustive and may be subject to change.
| Results of Search and Review | Number of Studies Identified and Reviewed for Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Adolescents |
|---|---|
| Identified in Search | 14 |
| Eligible for Review | 7 |
| Rated High | 0 |
| Rated Moderate | 2 |
| Rated Low | 5 |
| Reviewed Only for Risk of Harm | 0 |
| Outcome | Effect Size
 and Implied Percentile Effect
|
N of Studies (Findings) | N of Participants | Summary of Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child well-being: Substance use |
0.38
14 |
1 (4) | 76 |
Favorable:
2 No Effect: 2 Unfavorable: 0 |
| Child well-being: Delinquent behavior |
0.03
1 |
2 (5) | 503 |
Favorable:
1 No Effect: 4 Unfavorable: 0 |
Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention group and a negative number favors the comparison group.
| Outcome | Effect Size
and Implied Percentile Effect
|
N of Studies (Findings) | N of Participants | Summary of Findings |
Months after treatment when outcome measured
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child well-being: Substance use |
0.38
14 |
1 (4) | 76 |
Favorable:
2 No Effect: 2 Unfavorable: 0 |
- |
| Study 13122 - TFC vs. Group Care (Smith, 2010 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting) | |||||
| Tobacco Use |
0.24
9 |
- | 75 | - | 3 |
| Tobacco Use |
0.59
*
22 |
- | 70 | - | 9 |
| Marijuana Use |
0.20
8 |
- | 76 | - | 3 |
| Marijuana Use |
0.49
*
18 |
- | 70 | - | 9 |
| Child well-being: Delinquent behavior |
0.03
1 |
2 (5) | 503 |
Favorable:
1 No Effect: 4 Unfavorable: 0 |
- |
| Study 13130 - MTFC-A vs. Usual Care (Total Sample) (Biehal, 2012) | |||||
| Offending Behavior (TFCO-A Versus Usual Care Combined RCT and QED Sample Results) |
-0.19
-7 |
- | 214 | - | 0 |
| Study 13122 - TFC vs. Group Care (Chamberlain, 1998 - Not conducted in a usual care or practice setting) | |||||
| Lockup in Detention or State Training Schools (Number of Days) |
0.55
*
20 |
- | 79 | - | 3 |
| Elliott Behavior Checklist: General Delinquency |
0.36
13 |
- | 79 | - | 3 |
| Study 13130 - MTFC-A vs. Usual Care (RCT) (Green, 2014) | |||||
| Offending Behavior (TFCO-A Versus Usual Care RCT Sample Results) |
-0.13
-5 |
- | 33 | - | 0 |
| Study 13130 - MTFC-A vs. Usual Care (QED) (Green, 2014) | |||||
| Offending Behavior (TFCO-A Versus Usual Care QED Sample Results) |
-0.04
-1 |
- | 177 | - | 0 |
*p <.05
Note: For the effect sizes and implied percentile effects reported in the table, a positive number favors the intervention group and a negative number favors the comparison group. Effect sizes and implied percentile effects were calculated by the Prevention Services Clearinghouse as described in the Handbook of Standards and Procedures, Section 5.10.4 and may not align with effect sizes reported in individual publications.
Only publications with eligible contrasts that met design and execution standards are included in the individual study findings table.
Full citations for the studies shown in the table are available in the "Studies Reviewed" section.
The participant characteristics display is an initial version. We encourage those interested in providing feedback to send suggestions to preventionservices@abtglobal.com.
The table below displays locations, the year, and participant demographics for studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Participant characteristics for studies with more than one intervention versus comparison group pair that received moderate or high ratings are shown separately in the table. Please note, the information presented here uses terminology directly from the study documents, when available. Studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution that did not include relevant participant demographic information would not be represented in this table.
For more information on how Clearinghouse reviewers record the information in the table, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.
| Characteristics of the Participants in the Studies with Moderate or High Ratings | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Study Location
|
Study Year
|
Age or Grade-level
|
Race, Ethnicity, Nationality
|
Gender
|
Populations of Interest*
|
Household Socioeconomic Status
|
| Study 13122 - TFC vs. Group Care | ||||||
| Characteristics of the Children and Youth | ||||||
| Lane County, Oregon, USA | -- | Average age: 15 years; Age range: 12-17 years |
85% Caucasian 6% Latino 6% African American 3% Native American |
100% Boys |
100% Boys for whom an out-of-home placement was ordered by the juvenile court judge; Average previous arrests: 13 arrests; Average previous felonies: 5 felonies; Average days spent in lock-up in previous year: 76 days; Average age of first arrest: 12 years; 75% Had a history of running away; 70% At least one prior out-of-home placement; Average previous out-of-home placements: 1 placement; 19% Documented sexual abuse |
-- |
| Study 13130 - MTFC-A vs. Usual Care (RCT) | ||||||
| Characteristics of the Children and Youth | ||||||
| United Kingdom | 2005 | Average age: 13 years; Age range: 11-17 years |
68% White 24% Mixed Origin 9% Black |
56% Male |
Baseline placement: 29% Foster care, 22% Residential care (not secure), 6% Secure unit; Experience of maltreatment: 91% Any maltreatment, 82% Past emotional abuse, 79% Past neglect, 47% Past physical abuse, 47% Three or more types of maltreatment; 26% Past sexual abuse; 24% With disability or health difficulties: 13% Learning disability, 6% Physical disability/Sensory impairment, 3% Chronic health problems, 3% Other diagnosed difficulties |
-- |
| Study 13130 - MTFC-A vs. Usual Care (QED) | ||||||
| Characteristics of the Children and Youth | ||||||
| United Kingdom | 2005 | Average age:13 years; Age range: 11-17 years |
92% White 6% Mixed Origin 1% Black 1% Asian |
54% Male |
Baseline placement: 43% Foster care, 43% Residential care (not secure), 4% Secure unit, 4% Birth family; Experience of maltreatment: 93% Any maltreatment, 80% Past emotional abuse, 72% Past neglect, 58% Past physical abuse, 55% Three or more types of maltreatment; 43% Past sexual abuse; 30% With disability or health difficulties: 14% Learning disability, 6% Physical disability/Sensory impairment, 5% Chronic health problems, 5% Other diagnosed difficulties |
-- |
| Study 13130 - MTFC-A vs. Usual Care (Total Sample) | ||||||
| Characteristics of the Children and Youth | ||||||
| United Kingdom | 2005 | Average age: 13 years; Age range: 11-17 years |
88% White 9% Mixed Origin 2% Black 1% Asian |
54% Male 46% Female |
Baseline placement: 47% Residential care (not secure), 41% Foster care, 4% Secure unit, 4% Birth family; Experience of maltreatment: 93% Any maltreatment, 80% Past emotional abuse, 74% Past neglect, 55% Past physical abuse, 53% Three or more types of maltreatment; 40% Past sexual abuse; 29% With disability or health difficulties: 14% Learning disability, 6% Physical disability/Sensory impairment, 4% Chronic health problems, 4% Other diagnosed difficulties |
-- |
“--” indicates information not reported in the study.
* The information about disabilities is based on initial coding. For more information on how the Clearinghouse recorded disability information for the initial release, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings. The Clearinghouse is currently seeking consultation from experts, including those with lived experience, and input from the public to enhance and improve the display.
Note: Citations for the documents associated with each 5-digit study number shown in the table can be found in the “Studies Reviewed” section below. Study settings and participant demographics are recorded for all studies that received moderate or high ratings on design and execution and that reported the information. Studies that did not report any information about setting or participant demographics are not displayed. For more information on how participant characteristics are recorded, please see our Resource Guide on Study Participant Characteristics and Settings.
Studies Rated Moderate
Study 13130Green, J. M., Biehal, N., Roberts, C., Dixon, J., Kay, C., Parry, E., Rothwell, J., Roby, A., Kapadia, D., Scott, S., & Sinclair, I. (2014). Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Adolescents in English care: Randomised trial and observational cohort evaluation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(3), 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131466
Dixon, J., Biehal, N., Green, J., Sinclair, I., Kay, C., & Parry, E. (2014). Trials and tribulations: Challenges and prospects for randomised controlled trials of social work with children. British Journal of Social Work, 44(6), 1563-1581. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bct035
Sinclair, I., Parry, E., Biehal, N., Fresen, J., Kay, C., Scott, S., & Green, J. (2016). Multi-dimensional Treatment Foster Care in England: Differential effects by level of initial antisocial behaviour. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(8), 843-852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0799-9
Biehal, N., Dixon, J., Parry, E., Sinclair, I., Green, J., Roberts, C., Kay, C., Rothwell, J., Kapadia, D., & Roby, A. (2012). The Care Placements Evaluation (CaPE) evaluation of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for Adolescents (MTFC-A). Research Report DFE-RR194. Department for Education.
This study was conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Section 6.2.2)Study 13122
Chamberlain, P., & Moore, K. J. (1998). A clinical model of parenting juvenile offenders: A comparison of group versus family care. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 3(3), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104598033004
Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1998). Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 624-633. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.4.624
Chamberlain, P., Ray, J., & Moore, K. (1996). Characteristics of residential care for adolescent offenders: A comparison of assumptions and practices in two models. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 5, 285-297.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02234664
Eddy, J. M., & Chamberlain, P. (2000). Family management and deviant peer association as mediators of the impact of treatment condition on youth antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 857-863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.857
Fisher, P. A., & Chamberlain, P. (2000). Multidimensional treatment foster care: A program for intensive parenting, family support, and skill building. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(3), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/106342660000800303
Eddy, J. M., Whaley, R. B., & Chamberlain, P. (2004). The prevention of violent behavior by chronic and serious male juvenile offenders: A 2-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(1), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/10634266040120010101
Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2005). Association with delinquent peers: Intervention effects for youth in the juvenile justice system. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(3), 339-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-3571-7
Smith, D. K., Chamberlain, P., & Eddy, J. M. (2010). Preliminary support for multidimensional treatment foster care in reducing substance use in delinquent boys. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 19(4), 343-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2010.511986
Rhoades, K. A., Leve, L. D., Eddy, J. M., & Chamberlain, P. (2016). Predicting the transition from juvenile delinquency to adult criminality: Gender-specific influences in two high-risk samples. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 26(5), 336-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1957
This study was not conducted in a usual care or practice setting (Handbook Section 6.2.2)Studies Rated Low
Study 13118Biehal, N., Ellison, S., & Sinclair, I. (2011). Intensive fostering: An independent evaluation of MTFC in an English setting. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 2043-2049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.033
Biehal, N., Ellison, S., & Sinclair, I. (2012). Intensive fostering: An independent evaluation of MTFC in an English setting. Adoption & Fostering, 36(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/030857591203600104
This study received a low rating because baseline equivalence of the intervention and comparison groups was necessary and not demonstrated.Study 13148
Westermark, P. K., Hansson, K., & Olsson, M. (2011). Multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC): Results from an independent replication. Journal of Family Therapy, 33(1), 20-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00515.x
This study received a low rating because the standards for addressing missing data were not met.Study 13132
Hansson, K., & Olsson, M. (2012). Effects of multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC): Results from a RCT study in Sweden. Children & Youth Services Review, 34(9), 1929-1936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.06.008
Bergström, M., & Höjman, L. (2016). Is multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC) more effective than treatment as usual in a three-year follow-up? Results from MTFC in a Swedish setting. European Journal of Social Work, 19(2), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2015.1030361
This study received a low rating because the standards for addressing missing data were not met.Study 13147
Westermark, P., Hannsson, K., & Vinnerljung, B. (2008). Does MTFC reduce placement breakdown in foster care? International Journal of Child & Family Welfare, 2008/4, 155-171.
This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.Study 13120
Chamberlain, P. (1990). Comparative evaluation of specialized foster care for seriously delinquent youths: A first step. Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care, 2(2), 21-36.
This study received a low rating because it did not meet design confound standards.Studies Not Eligible for Review
Study 13121
Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1991). Using a specialized foster care community treatment model for children and adolescents leaving the state mental hospital. Journal of Community Psychology, 19(3), 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199107)19:3%3C266::AID-JCOP2290190310%3E3.0.CO;2-5
This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).
Study 13131
Gustle, L.-H., Hansson, K., Sundell, K., Lundh, L.-G., & Löfholm, C. A. (2007). Blueprints in Sweden. Symptom load in Swedish adolescents in studies of Functional Family Therapy (FFT), Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61(6), 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480701773196
This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).
Study 13135
Kerr, D. C. R., Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2009). Pregnancy rates among juvenile justice girls in two randomized controlled trials of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 588-593. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015289
Van Ryzin, M. J., & Leve, L. D. (2012). Affiliation with delinquent peers as a mediator of the effects of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for delinquent girls. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 588-596. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027336
Harold, G. T., Kerr, D. C. R., Van Ryzin, M., Degarmo, D. S., Rhoades, K. A., & Leve, L. D. (2013). Depressive symptom trajectories among girls in the juvenile justice system: 24-month outcomes of an RCT of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care. Prevention Science, 14(5), 437-446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0317-y
Leve, L. D., Kerr, D. C. R., & Harold, G. T. (2013). Young adult outcomes associated with teen pregnancy among high-risk girls in a randomized controlled trial of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 22(5), 421-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2013.788886
Kerr, D. C. R., DeGarmo, D. S., Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2014). Juvenile justice girls’ depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation 9 years after Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(4), 684-693. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036521
Poulton, R., Van Ryzin, M. J., & Harold, G. T. (2014). Foster care intervention leads to reduction in psychotic symptoms. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update, 16(11), 4-5. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15567567/2014/16/11
Poulton, R., Van Ryzin, M. J., Harold, G. T., Chamberlain, P., Fowler, D., Cannon, M., Arseneault, L., & Leve, L. D. (2014). Effects of multidimensional treatment foster care on psychotic symptoms in girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(12), 1279-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.08.014
Leve, L. D., Chamberlain, P., & Kim, H. K. (2015). Risks, outcomes, and evidence-based interventions for girls in the US juvenile justice system. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review, 18(3), 252-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-015-0186-6
Saldana, L., Campbell, M., Leve, L., & Chamberlain, P. (2019). Long-term economic benefit of Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO) for adolescent females referred to congregate care for delinquency. Child Welfare, 97(5), 179-195. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33281198/
Rhoades, K. A., Leve, L. D., Harold, G. T., Kim, H. K., & Chamberlain, P. (2014). Drug use trajectories after a randomized controlled trial of MTFC: Associations with partner drug use. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(1), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12077
Leve, L. D., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (2005). Intervention outcomes for girls referred from juvenile justice: Effects on delinquency. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1181-1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1181
Chamberlain, P., Leve, L. D., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2007). Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care for girls in the juvenile justice system: 2-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(1), 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.187
Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2007). A randomized evaluation of Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care: Effects on school attendance and homework completion in juvenile justice girls. Research on Social Work Practice, 17(6), 657-663. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731506293971
Rhoades, K. A., Leve, L. D., Eddy, J. M., & Chamberlain, P. (2016). Predicting the transition from juvenile delinquency to adult criminality: Gender-specific influences in two high-risk samples. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 26(5), 336-351. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.1957
This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).
Study 13136
Leathers, S. J., Falconnier, L., & Spielfogel, J. E. (2010). Predicting family reunification, adoption, and subsidized guardianship among adolescents in foster care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(3), 422-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01045.x
This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).
Study 13140
McMillen, J. C., Narendorf, S. C., Robinson, D., Havlicek, J., Fedoravicius, N., Bertram, J., & McNelly, D. (2015). Development and piloting of a treatment foster care program for older youth with psychiatric problems. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 9(23), Article 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0057-4
This study is ineligible for review because it is not a study of the program or service under review (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.6).
Study 13141
Miklowitz, D. J. (2014). Delinquency, depression, and psychosis among adolescents in foster care: What holds three heads together? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(12), 1251-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.09.006
Miklowitz, D. J. (2015). 'Delinquency, depression, and psychosis among adolescents in foster care: What holds three heads together': Erratum. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(2), 155-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.01.001
This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).
Study 13144
Rhoades, K. A., Chamberlain, P., Roberts, R., & Leve, L. D. (2013). MTFC for high-risk adolescent girls: A comparison of outcomes in England and the United States. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 22(5), 435-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2013.788887
This study is ineligible for review because it does not use an eligible study design (Study Eligibility Criterion 4.1.4).